Table Of Content

COMPLETED LY4.60G+20C | Evaluating Temperature Regimes for Protection of Brown Trout aA . . \ SG » ,: “ CULT, ones, : TEMPERATURE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR L BIOLOGICAL SURVEY /R esource Publication 201 Technical Report Series National Biological Survey The National Biological Survey publishes five technical report series. Manuscripts are accepted from Survey employees or contractors, students and faculty associated with cooperative research units, and other persons whose work is sponsored by the Survey. Manuscripts are received with the understanding that they are unpublished. Manuscripts receive anonymous peer review. The final decision to publish lies with the editor. Series Descriptions Editorial Staff Biological Report ISSN 0895-1926 Technical papers about applied research of limited scope. MANAGING EDITOR Subjects include new information arising from comprehensive Paul A. Opler studies, surveys and inventories, effects of land use on fish and wildlife, diseases of fish and wildlife, and developments ASSISTANT BRANCH LEADER in technology. Proceedings of technical conferences and Paul A. Vohs symposia may be published in this series. Fish and Wildlife Leaflet ISSN 0899-451X Summaries of technical information for readers of non- WILDLIFE EDITOR technical or semitechnical material. Subjects include topics of Elizabeth D. Rockweil current interest, results of inventories and surveys, management techniques, and descriptions of imported fish FISHERIES EDITOR and wildlife and their diseases. James R. Zuboy Fish and Wildlife Research ISSN 1040-2411 Papers on experimental research, theoretical presentations, and interpretive literature reviews. TECHNICAL EDITOR North American Fauna ISSN 0078-1304 Deborah K. Harris Monographs of long-term or basic research on faunal and floral life histories, distributions, population dynamics, and VISUAL INFORMATION SPECIALIST taxonomy and on community ecology. Constance M. Lemos Resource Publication ISSN 0163-4801 Semitechnical and nonexperimental technical topics EDITORIAL CLERK including surveys; data, status, and historical reports; ; handbooks; checklists; manuals; annotated bibliographies; Donna D. Tait and workshop papers. Copies of this publication may be obtained from the Publications Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1849 C Street, N.W., Mail Stop 130, Webb Building, Washington, D.C. 20240, or may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161 (call toll free 1-800-553-6847). Evaluating Temperature Regimes for Protection of Brown Trout By Carl L. Armour U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL BIOLOGICAL SURVEY Resource Publication 201 Washington, D.C. e 1994 ‘¢ I ( cntent« Bivaluallag Pcauspesaturc Megliuco ua Pauotectloa of Bauwaa bavwat ‘ vail 4 Dab beats eaee 4 eee eerreee | Divivgi ab Didi tey Adie. sdbbesed ‘++ co. Ubu Pa ul i bised i | eer © oe, 4312 Ma Mas ‘Jj 44 wt eee’ Cule Cullis, Culeraudu SU269 Ablists “act 4 i “@* phe Wiotilbutiva Ali pep betlos od Oe me ee he ees ul iii id be aa iivui IOU bss Me ee eee ee ssddt cicu ED i. seeps eesbasad bi plissce ‘ mlirCpls “ah B°* escuied iui ~ Valualing aerials . , " . ’ ° bsseprebigae De gbisss s bud DIUWD tiuUut based waa published bodupesabuic informaiion and prot 203 jolad judgineni ii das pe a cabanas Ss waformation from ihe liieraiure is inch ded fur “— ssdbegy a beeen ogres’ sebacgs “pb “aiid bias val de . thopaucut b* us wih and other subjects ihe Ubj°e ctis lot aid ' bici , pists in 4 eb, udth‘ ug, “a,i lcl native bellaep eiatuic. i. epbi° ssco bu Ud 6 » select , , . | . ida wor this iil r- lect 200 chhalice CHAVTOUNMCAIal quail, foi orown trout ne Words: Alicriulive tempte rature regbu mes, brown trout, oatiio iruiia v¥ utei bCduapes abu bic DFOWN Would Odliiv Wud is DOL a DAUVE miormaiion aid professional judgment im recom eprelceo bi Was WaliGduced lo Noi ih America in 10d9 mending applopilale leiiperature icplilics The objective of this report is to assist biologisis in aiid ts disiiibuicd widely a ihe Uiited States and Lanada (Lee el al) ivou, ‘the biownh trout ls ali designimg site-specific procedures foi evaluating Mupourlabtoport iol, aid ihere is pubiic demand foi aliervaative bcldipeiabure regunes Po: example one might want to evaluate the temperature re pivicctlig, and Miipius lig the habitat Water tem prs abuse be vail of several environmental factors glines that would resuli from Varying water re allecting success Ul brown Woul throughout ilo leases below a reservoir. General formation re range (Pig. i). Water temperature divectly affects garding habitat requirements for brown trout is bpa lig, Cy, aiid larval dey clopmecal and &! owth addressed in a habitat suitability index model of ivy aud older lite stages ladirect eilects of tem (Raleigh et al 1960). Additional information on perature mclude afluences on food abundaiice, tox habitat requirements of salmonids im streams can icity Of Waler-borne pollutants, oxygen concentra be found in Byorna and Reiser (199i) luformation im this report was compiled trom lions a water, and biochemical Vay peu demaad 1 cihperatuse cilects of brown trout Cannot be ihe lilerature achuding studies under natural documented completely because of complex inter field Conditions and controlled experiments Care should be taken i eatrapolating experimental acllulio michudig oy Lchploils with other variables Nonetheless didhageiicil decisions must be resulis to field situations. For example, brown trout growth is affected by temperature, other made, and biologists adic required io use available 2 RESOURCE PUBLICATION 201 Inter- and Natural intra-specific mortality competition Protective Physical space a! habitat LOE = Food availability } Predation Annual temperature Climatic — conditions Basic water Natural variation quality characteristics (chemical) Fig. 1. Variables that affect brown trout populations. water quality variables, and environmental fac- use of simulated temperature curves and tem- tors, including food availability whereas spawning perature envelopes for evaluating the suitability and egg incubation success are controlled more of temperature regimes for specific life stages. The directly by temperature. Hence, even if spawning temperature envelope approach requires use of a substrate, oxygen concentration, and water qual- standard envelope in the U.S. Environmental Pro- ity variables other than temperature meet brown tection Agency data base (Biesinger et al. 1979; trout habitat criteria, success of egg incubation Hokanson et al. 1990). Information from through- still depends on water temperature (Jungsworth out the range of brown trout in North America was and Winkler 1984). used to develop the temperature envelopes. Tem- This report does not include all possible ap- peratures for a’ternative regimes for specific life preaches for evaluating alternative temperature stages are compared with the envelope, and tem- regimes. Final decisions on which approaches to peratures that fall within the envelope are as- use should be made collaboratively with experts sumed to be acceptable. knowledgeable about brown trout in the geo- Armour (1991) presented methods applicable to graphic areas where the temperature studies will brown trout for using experimentally derived tem- be performed. perature tolerance information to evaluate alternative temperature regimes. The methods pertain to estimates of maximum weekly average tem- Conceptual Approaches peratures that should not be exceeded, short-term maximum survival temperatures, and estimation of lethality of an exposure time. Table 2 contains Conceptual approaches fer evaluating alterna- information for use in the computations. tive temperature regimes for brown trout are simi- Following is an example of a method that does lar to those for fish in general (Armour 1991), not require the use of curves or envelopes (Ta- smallmouth bass (Micropterus dviomieu; Armour ble 3). Suppose that the primary concern for a site 1992a), and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum; Ar- is temperatures during the incubation period, mour 1992b; Table 1). These approaches include where other water quality parameters and habitat EVALUATING TEMPERATURE REGIMES FOR PROTECTION OF BROWN TROUT 3 Table 1. Brown trout temperature data compiled from literature. Reference Attribute Observation* and fish source Comments Spawning Range was 8.9 to 12.8° C GS Piper et al. (1982), Reported that eggs develop well in hard general observation water at 10.0°C Mean temperatures ranged GS Elliott (1984), Black Mean water temperatures during egg from 3.8 to 7.4° C Brows Beck, English development ranged from 3.3 to 6.7° C Lake District Range was 6.1 to 11.1° C F Johnson et al. (1966), The earliest date observed for redds was artificial spawning 30 October compared with 11 December channel, Owens River, for the last redds observed California Peak spawning was in GS Reiser and Wesche The information was from literature 6.1 to 12.8° C range (1977), locations for sources. The authors reported that the observations unstated mean temperature at first spawning was 8.3° C for Douglas Creek, Wyoming Fertilization, incubation, and hatching Required 835-850 degree- E Elliott (1988), Wilfin Laboratory temperatures ranged from 5.2 days from egg deposition Beck, United Kingdom to 6.6° C. Egg weight had no effect on to emergent fry stage degree-day requirements. The author (Elliott 1984) stated that fry emergence required 852 degree-days (50% hatching) at another location. A degree-day is defined as a day when temperatures are above freezing Normal trout larvae were E Gray (1928) Observation based on constant raised from eggs incubated temperatures at 2.8 to 13° C without high mortality Eggs developed normally GS Markus (1962), general After feeding begins, best growth seems in water up to 10°C statement for to be at 12.8°C hatcheries y= a E Jungsworth and For the Belehradek equation, the value (x-b)* Winkler (1984). for a = 746, b = -0.5323, and Adult stock was from c = 1.2233. X values were for the where y = days to hatching, the Lunzer Untersee mean incubation temperature x = incubation temperature River, Austria Experiments were conducted to derive (° C), and a, b, and c values for the constants. For the are constants regression equation, 99.93% of the total variance was explained (p < 0.01%). The range of temperatures for the experiment was 2 to 16° C A good proportion of GS Frost and Brown (1967), The optimum temperature for development eggs hatched at a range British Isles was 7 to 12° C. Outside the range, of 5 to 13° C alevins were smaller because more yolk is used for energy requirements instead of growth Brown trout had poor F Kaya (1977b), Firehole Gonadal maturation was impaired. In the reproductive success in River, Yellowstone geothermally heated part of the river, water with maximum National Park rainbow trout outnumbered brown trout summer temperatures of by three to one. Rainbow trout reproduced Tet cre tt tee © Et tet te AOtee att Bealils i) © cca acteee ed UPS Serre Vata ibiccts OO vos cabderes s00eed ORbs oecceee © . eeseeen-oat feata,. ere © Gane eee ee teal 1 eet t oe ** Gee 1 ee tt.. ! tt try eebien oleae b. eseebe coe! of it. gt f. ete Ot cece ct O8°8 , ’ tee atest aha it.. ie, ee ee as | alt. .f cave Phoned bongs ‘. beigyls. , re vate , ‘. ere , ecnbetee * S88" te Perr Basesd Ge o ce «be vabonse Obes wsoceee Ueeedsedb dsces booebde cobs ce Obes obiebe of sevetbe bongs eas | tie eee cob oreed gee tee the oURETS oc eee ce od Cacceeld 4. tebe conte Lebgebec e te seep a eetenes t ogeeeetle oa Vice saves bee t Pili. cectteme tht. hb Se en ee Tr eer + tb beeen bangs based. Tadsegs thease Pe Lee er Pee ee tos thee the bed ! segebbods Paushs Utlatelva Bey Oe ee HHT Decnte Debeege te thee abet dae otetgee Obes Se he ‘ ogreeetly oe 8 chee webvens cere ol bes eed deoacede Othe. sbeee ved becee 0d Oban cables bon betes his eet eethegs HHOPTE © be Eo eed Mob sed th al | theese bee obser * eattne Hh cba cat bacne tt Otee. ttgete set thee tends ts seegee evtbecey theese seoemeatle bee thee @ aba. Ghar e tethi g ee tt the quae oBsee oe sett tengeebes thea tee Vieng vhonel ween’ the ceeeell eehtbecel Ueeedde cb ttty, ae ee ee teed | sete etee bh etbee o- de oo obeof ir serge tetteeee ef 1 thas ole debt sete erations t @ tebe ohtiel tasats Vebecgs see eee ‘tame eee bose cabicede cd vet 9 OG, ( Cte ree CORDED, cacereeenees of Obie coeedbacre os ote of Vadge ls Treille trot wittth voley heats tho be De dtiade bade sbiaces C0 6 pee tlh Tree eliie eevce eeeeel Gavceed beee © cae thls eeate ce he ee tet git ee tae ‘pee wtih ERLE Ee | 006 006 cose ceebieceene ce bees eobrcede of vet tere ed i. te seegee tettetee ce bee the ‘ ‘ ‘ Fee baget eet tter ot tacets Faberge bee ut Giee Vevceees tt. eetee ‘ome bese cobicats of vat ‘ © steeds 7 ie o 08 Os) Obes excenees t. Heeger teebetee ie Ved ceed Vecateb e Gein bt ebees Yeas , ie al ‘ 1 . ter + ©* o@e* 1. ‘ i ti. bevy ‘ ceoeed \\ ‘ ‘* ta. iene fe ~tamet, eer? a seer © @ Oe 7 | Chaves Ft tea S thiee t banca COTE THY EbeeeEbe Oodb eca te Chere ee ed Ohne Mt biaces eeee te bObebes Biscob e ed Git sc eee bee ceeebicde cats Pohds Ubiete bee ee ee hdeabee obs eee ad bee epee eebenge bs c00eed oosteces tt . i] >t, ats aes Wigs eea dongs tee che gal The eee ee tetecee te eaten Pete dhe EE DOD tee Elbe 6 gee a bene eet of it. +e tongs ee ettee ‘ ee beet ue te eee berte te vedere be serge evatbeeee vets bee Chee U ceecneeeds pbevbeee eles ee the eeteel den ebbee Chee beege eo bte hte TIDE Lee Th) ee Phere wees ter Rbeeeel e teteegee eb Deve Of bt RL ee en bbe ieeteed bere OD bee ed te bene el vo bew dhe ol meagre e eee Feed ve caters vet ee Dheeedd ee caer te ' Phevveeges veo be ce OO Ves ceealtee ceee Cbeceee bebe eaten « ot seeebegeenes oh ee GOs cons sopegee Hiveetl epee th tee Mee te ebbecet Gibby tart erbbe steed bee Aeecede beans eenbed Penengee eentines Hav cebevee eet bes Thy thd eenenees vee eben of Hetheege ed be ebhesevoedes ee bth s vee giles ob des greene le EVALUATING TEMPERATURE REGIMES FOR PROTECTION OF BROWN TROUT 5 Table 1. Continued. Reference Attribute Observation* and /ish source Comments for which hatchery in streams, maximum hatching occurred success was at least 80% at mean temperatures of about 5° C In the range of2 .8 to E Crisp (1988), used D, = days from fertilization to median 12.0° C, the expression published literature hatch and log D, = b log (T- a + log a), for time from fertilization to obtain data for where b = —13.9306 + 0.4769, a = -80.0, to the median swim-up (D,) the calculations and log a = 28.8392 + 0.9206. The stage in days = bD, + a, equation was derived for the 1.89 to where b = 1.660 + 0.103 11.24° C range (Crisp 1981). “T” would and a = 5.4 + 10.65. be assumed to equal mean temperature P< 0.001 Days from fertilization to median eyed stage (Crisp 1988) = 0.455D, + 5.0 Days and (degree-days) E Grande and Andersen In the colder water, more days and by stage (1990), domesticated degree-days were required to reach a Norwegian brown stage. At swim-up, feeding was trout initiated Eyed Hatch* Swim-up 126(195) 176(250) 204(387) 49( 273) 126(406) 194(273) *50% hatching Growth 3.8 to 19.5° C was the E Elliott (1975b), Trout in the 5-281-g range were used in approximate range for assumed to be British experiments with constant and Isles fish fluctuating temperatures Maximum energy available E Elliott (1981), British The range applied to all sizes but the for growth was optimal Isles trout scope for growth is maximal at about at 13 to 14°C 18° C, where energy available for growth was less becaouf lsoses in fecaned osthe r excretions Computed final weight (g) E Edwards et al. (1979), The equation for final weight (W,) with was inversely proportional British Isles streams 95% confidence limits = _ to the annual range (about 100.2 — 7.69 (+ 1.13)T, + 10.1 (41.70)T 8.5 to 17.5° C) of monthly mean temperatures and directly where T, = annual range of monthly proportional to the mean _ mean temperatures, and annual temperature, about T = annual mean temperature. 6.9 to 12.0°C Existing temperature data were used for the computations, and maximum rations were assumed to be available. Within the rangofe 1 1 to 13° C for T,, there was variation in W,. The authors speculated that differences were attributed to mean annual temperatures. For instantaneous growth (G,,) rates, actual mean rates were less than computed rates, with use of the instantaneous growth rate equation Growth was maximum at E Pentelow (1939), One- and 2-year-old trout were fed 10 to 15.6° C British Isles hatchery Gammarus pulex. Appetite increased as fish temperature rose to 15.6° C but dropped at higher temperatures. Between 4.4 and 6 RESOURCE PUBLICATION 201 Table 1. Continued. Reference Attribute Observation* and fish source Comments 10.0° C, growth was proportional to amount of food consumed Temperatures for rapid E Brown (1946), Midland = Experiments were conducted on 2-year-cld growth at constant and Fishery, Nailsworth fish. Surplus amounts of an unspecified changing temperature Gloucestershire kind of meat were fed to the trout environwmeree nbitmosda l (7 to 9° C and 16 to 19° C) Occurred in the 3.9 to E Elliott (1975a), fish Feeding was at maximum rations. Live 19.C5 ra°nge , with from a hatchery at weights of experimental fish ranged from an optimofu 1m3° C Pickering, Yorkshire 5 to 300 g. Temperatures were fairly constant The mean size of brown F Saltveit (1990), Surma The data pertain to the end of the ‘trout ranged from 49.1 River, Norway summer growth period for 1984-88. In to 54.6 mm for a hypolimnion 1987 and 1988 maximum temperatures release zone (compared with exceeded 15° C for extended periods a range of 57.3 to 68.1 mm during the summer above the hypolimnion in an upriver zone release zone, where temperatures never unaffected by coo!water exceeded 14° C release) At a 11.5° C constant E Frost and Brown (1967), There was a winter and autumn check in temperature, there was a agsutmo bee tdro ut growth, and a maximum growth period in winter check in growth from British waters the spring. The experiminevonltve d exptoo arstifiucialr lieght for 12 h per day. The author suggested that the patarte uenderr conntrosl o f a physi“orhylthom.”g J]ia scsumaed lth at the inforwams afort briowno tnrou t. Two-yfeisah wrere- uosedl idn t he experiment Slow outside range of E Frost and Brown (1967), Two-yberowan rtro-ut ogrlew dmo st 7 to 19° C; general British Isles fish rapidly between 7 and 9° C and less at conclusion that growth 11.5° C, but the avergraowtgh era te is maximum within this was higher between 16 and 19° C. The range length of the photopercaino bde a factor affecting growth (i.e., there was a posieftfecit ivn eear ly spring with increased day lengths). Decreased day length in fall had a negative effect Maintenance ration E Elliott (1975b), D.nain Tepresents the ration that merely (Dain) in mg dry weight assumed to be British maintainsa fish without any weight per day = b Isles hatchery fish chaThne egxpereimenst u.sua lly day” =aW 1g ep involved vse of Gammarus pulexas the food. D,,,,i,, i8 positively correlated where a and b are constantfso r with water temperatuThre efi.s h for two temperature ranges: the experweiighmede 1n0-3t00 g 3.8-6.6°C 66-19.5°C a 1.390 2.711 b, 0.716 0.737 b, 0.22 0.105 and W = mean weight (g)