European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2015 PDF
Preview European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2015
Christoph Herrmann · Markus Krajewski 2015 Jörg Philipp Terhechte Editors European Yearbook of International Economic Law 123 European Yearbook of International Economic Law Advisory Board ArminvonBogdandy ThomasCottier EleanorM.Fox StefanGriller ArminHatje MeinhardHilf JohnH.Jackson WilliamE.Kovacic Ernst-UlrichPetersmann BrunoSimma RudolfStreinz More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8165 Christoph Herrmann • Markus Krajewski • € Jorg Philipp Terhechte Editors European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2015 Editors ChristophHerrmann MarkusKrajewski FacultyofLaw FacultyofLaw UniversityofPassau UniversityofErlangen-Nu¨rnberg Passau,Germany Erlangen,Germany J€orgPhilippTerhechte CompetitionandRegulationInstitute LeuphanaUniversityofLu¨neburg Lu¨neburg,Germany ISSN2364-8392 ISSN2364-8406 (electronic) EuropeanYearbookofInternationalEconomicLaw ISBN978-3-662-46747-3 ISBN978-3-662-46748-0 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-662-46748-0 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Editorial EYIEL 6 (2015) This sixth volume (2015) of the European Yearbook of International Economic Law puts a special emphasis on non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to trade and the world tradeorder.Withthesteadyreductionoftariffratessincetheentryintoforceofthe GATT 47, focus in the past years has been on the vast and complex landscape of non-tariffbarrierstotrade.Practitionersaswellasscholarsseeminglystrugglewith themultitudeofmeasurespooledunderthatexpressionasnosingle,acknowledged definition of the term exists and its relation to the term “non-tariff measures” remains equally blurred. Particularly in practice and on the multilateral level, there appears to be some awkwardness when it comes to coping with NTBs as multilateraltraderulesoftenseemtobeinconflictwithnationalregulatoryauton- omyinthepursuitofpolicyobjectives.Thisvolumeundertakestoshedsomelight on the problems of non-tariff barriers to trade that can act as NTBs that arise in variousfields. In his Distinguished Essay, Robert Howse examines how border taxes and regulatory measures can be implemented as WTO-compliant climate mitigation strategies. He starts from the assumption that unilateral actions may be more effectivetoapproachtheproblemofclimatechangeaslongasmultilateralagree- ment seems out of reach. Analysing particularly, but not exclusively, previous GATT and WTO jurisprudence, Robert Howse comes to find that WTO law is notinprincipleopposedtotheintroductionofbordercarbonadjustmentbutwould havetosatisfystrictstandardsofnon-discrimination. TimothyLyonsexplorestheinteractionbetweencustomsandnon-tariffbarriers. Startingfromtheimpactthatcustoms-relatedNTBshave,herevealsthechanging responsibilitiesofcustomsauthorities,particularlyintheEU,frommerefinancial intereststosecurityandenvironmentalconcerns.Heprovidesanoverviewofwhen suchNTBsusuallyoccuraswellasofinternationalbodiesandagreementsthataim to regulate customs NTBs. Timothy Lyons further points to the problem to uni- formly apply customs regulations that arise within the EU with its 28 Member States,internallyaswellasexternally. v vi EditorialEYIEL6(2015) NikitaLomaginapproachesthetopicofNTBsfromaneconomicperspective.He offers an overview of quantitative and qualitative evaluations of NTBs. He high- lightsthedifficultiesthateconomistsfacewhentheyattempttoestimatetheeffects thatNTBshaveduetothesheernumberandcomplexityofsuchmeasures.Nikita Lomaginoutlinesthedifferentapproachesthathavebeentakensofarandillustrates thattheevaluationsshowthattheeffectisindeedsignificant.Hefurtherdrawson recentdevelopmentsregardingimportbansandtheireconomiceffects,particularly focusingonRussiaandtheEU. AkbarRasulovcriticallydiscussestheHorizontalMechanism,aproposalwithin the WTO Negotiating Group on Market Access to introduce procedures for the resolution of disagreements in the field of non-tariff measures that shall be conducted outside the legal framework of the Dispute Settlement Understanding. He finds this shift from substance to procedure to be a mere symptom of the underlying problem of the complexity and great variety of NTBs that has not yet beensolvedininternationaltradelaw. Gracia Mar´ın Dura(cid:2)n unfolds the variety of problems that the issue of process andproductionmethodsasnon-tariffbarrierstotradeentails.Shedoesthisinlight oftworecentWTOrulings,i.e.US–TunaIIandEC–SealProducts,andplaces theargumentsaroundproduct-relatedandnon-product-relatedprocessandproduc- tion methods in the context of the scholarly debate. Gracia Mar´ın Dura(cid:2)n then examines—basedonexistingWTOcaselaw—towhatextentmeasuresrelatingto theprocessandproductionmethodsarecoveredbytheTBTAgreement,aswellas the scope of WTO members’ obligations under the TBT Agreement in relation to GATT obligations. She comes to the conclusion that the approach currently followed by the dispute settlement bodies leads to the outlandish result that less trade-restrictive labelling requirements based on process and production methods aresubjecttothestrictTBTdisciplines,whilemorerestrictiveregulationsbasedon processandproductionmethodsarenot. Nikolay Mizulin and Huijian Zhu assess NTBs and private conduct in the context of labelling, an area that has so far received only little attention. They undertaketoanswerthequestionwhetherWTOlawdoesinfactcovertheconduct ofprivatesbythoroughlyexaminingpreviousGATTandWTOcaselaw,focusing on the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS). They conclude that seemingly private conduct that can be traced back to a member’s regulatory requirements can, in line with existing case law, be addressed with WTO rules; further, under the TBT and the SPS Agreement members are under an obligation tocontrolprivateconductwithmeasuresreasonablyavailabletothem. The elimination of NTBs plays a significant role in the ongoing TTIP negotia- tionsbetweentheUSandtheEU, asChristianPitschasillustrates. He focuses on efforts with regard to standard setting, providing an outline of the negotiators’ ambitions as expressed in the regulatory chapter and further comparing it to the respectiveprocessintheWTOAgreements. In the section on regional integration, we have a special emphasis on relations betweenEastAsiaandtheEuropeanUnion. EditorialEYIEL6(2015) vii Shotaro Hamamoto portrays the landscape of Japan’s Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). Japan has started to actively engage in concluding such agreements only in 2002 as it very much relied on the multilateral system before that. Nonetheless, Shotaro Hamamoto demonstrates very clearly that Japan has since then been keeping up with the general trend towards regional trade agree- ments and is now also actively involved in several negotiations on “mega” trade agreements. Won-MogChoiassessestheclosetraderelationsbetweenKoreaandtheEUthat have recently been intensified through the Korea–EU Free Trade Agreement. He analysesthekeyfeaturesoftheKorea–EUFreeTradeAgreementandfindsthatit doesnotonlyfurthershaperelationsbetweenthesetwopartnersbutrathermarksa stepping stone for future preferential trade agreements. This is particularly so becauseitcontainsareasthatare currently stilldifficulttonegotiate onthe multi- lateral level such as non-tariff barriers, sustainable development or cultural coop- eration. Won-Mog Choi further notes that this comprehensive approach illustrates whathecallsaggressiveregionalismandservesasanexampleofaparadigmshift in the design of regional trade agreements that should have to move beyond the regulationofmereeconomicissues. LocknieHsutakesacloserlookatthetradeandinvestmentrelationsbetweenthe EUandEastAsia.ShetherebyputsaspecialemphasisontheEU–SingaporeFree Trade Agreement as it is the first of the EU’s FTAs with an Asian State that will containaninvestmentchapter.TheEU–SingaporeFTAisfurthertoberegardedas asteppingstoneasitmightpavethewayforotheragreementsbetweentheEUand ASEANStatesaslongasanEU–ASEANFTAcannotbeachieved. In his essay, Chien-Huei Wu takes a critical look at the EU’s ambitions to counterbalance China and the US in East Asia and doubts whether the existent policytoolssufficetoachievetheaspiredgoal.Heunfoldsthemany-facetedview theEUhasofAsia—asathreat,astrategicpartnerandamarket—andprovidesan overviewoftheEU’sstrategypapersonAsiaduringthepast20years.Chien-Huei Wu further sets out the instruments and fora used to shape EU–Asia relations and ultimately comes to conclude that neither the ambitions of the EU as a civilian powernoritscompetencesormoreapparentinterestintheBalkans,EasternEurope and the Mediterranean seem to equip it for a credible East Asia policy that could achievetheaimofcounterbalancingChinaandtheUSintheregion. Julien Chaisse provides a comprehensive overview of investment treaties or preferential trade agreements with chapters on investment concluded by Asian States. He illustrates the broad range of investment treaty practices among those States, quantitatively as well as qualitatively, and identifies the Trans-Pacific Partnership as possibly shaping the EU’s future investment negotiations in Asia. JulienChaisseconcludesthatfortheEU,withitsnewlygainedcompetencesinthe fieldofforeign directinvestment,Asia holdsgreatopportunitiesbutpossiblyalso difficultiesconsideringthattherearecurrently187intraregionalinvestmentagree- mentsinforceinAsia. In the section on International Economic Institutions, Catharine Titi portrays recentdevelopmentsininvestor–Statedisputesettlementingeneralandwithinthe viii EditorialEYIEL6(2015) ICSID system in particular. In light of the ongoing (reform) discussions about investor–State arbitration, she traces trends that affect the system. Catharine Titi therebyfocusesoncurrentEUnegotiationsandtheissueofsharedresponsibilityof theEUanditsMemberStates,massclaimsandclaimsrelatingtosovereignbonds, aswellastheadoptionoftheUNCITRALRulesonTransparencyinTreaty-based investor-StateArbitrationadoptedinJuly2013. Jan Bohanes and Karolyn Salcedo provide us with a sound outline of WTO rulingsduringtheyear2013. JoyKategekwaportraysrecentinstitutionaltrendsintheWTOandthechallenge goingforward.Shehighlightsthesignificanceofanorganisationwhosepurposeit istopromoteglobaltradeinapost-crisistimewithstillstagnatingeconomicgrowth rates and increasing numbers of trade restrictions among G-20 States. Further developments examined by Joy Kategekwa include the areas of accession to the WTO,thedisputesettlementsystemandtechnicalassistance.Shealsodiscussesthe outcomeofthelastMinisterialConferenceinBaliinDecember2013andconcludes that the very spirit leading to the success of Bali should be put to use to move forwardintheDohanegotiations. Andrea Wechsler describes WIPO’s global copyright priorities and develop- mentsduringtheyear2013andprovidesadetailedexaminationoftheMarrakesh TreatytoFacilitateAccesstoPublishedWorksforPersonswhoareBlind,Visually Impaired,orotherwisePrintDisabled.Sheillustratesrecentdevelopmentsfromthe fieldsoftrademarks,patents,innovationanddevelopingpoliciestoenvironmental andanti-piracypolicies.AndreaWechsler’sanalysisofthenewMarrakeshTreaty shedslightonthetreaty’sbackgroundsandobjectivesandemphasisestheparadigm shift that it presents through the introduction of mandatory ceilings rather than minimumexceptionswithregardtocopyrights. AfterbookreviewsbyWolfgangWeiß,ChristianPitschasandChristianTams, wehaveintroducedanewsectionwithnewpublicationsinthefieldofinternational economiclaw. This volume could not have been put together without the help of numerous people.OurthanksgooncemoretoDr.BrigitteReschkeofSpringerandherteam. Evin Dalkilic and Dr. Stephanie Weitendorf took care of the editing, the list of contributors,etc.Manythanksforthefantasticjob. Passau,Germany ChristophHerrmann Erlangen,Germany MarkusKrajewski Lu¨neburg,Germany J€orgPhilippTerhechte Contents PartI Topics DistinguishedEssay:Non-tariffBarriersandClimatePolicy: Border-AdjustedTaxesandRegulatoryMeasuresasWTO-Compliant ClimateMitigationStrategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 RobertHowse TheInteractionofCustomsandNon-tariffBarriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 TimothyLyonsQC Non-tariffBarrierstoTrade:QualityandQuantityfrom anEconomicPerspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 NikitaLomagin TheHorizontalMechanismInitiativeintheWTO: TheProceduralistTurnandItsDiscontents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 AkbarRasulov NTBsandtheWTOAgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTrade: TheCaseofPPM-BasedMeasuresFollowingUS–TunaII andEC–SealProducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 GraciaMar´ınDura´n Non-tariffBarriersandPrivateConduct:TheCaseofLabelling. . . . . . 137 NikolayMizulinandHuijianZhu TransatlanticTradeandInvestmentPartnershipAgreement andtheDevelopmentofInternationalStandards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 ChristianPitschas ix
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