European Union Common Foreign Policy: From EPC to CFSP Joint Action and South Africa

300 Pages·1995·16.927 MB·English

by  Martin Holland

European Union common
Foreign Policy
From EPC to CFSP Joint Action and South Africa
Martin Holland
EUROPEAN UNION COMMON
FOREIGN POLICY
Also by Martin Holland
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THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND SOUTH AFRICA:
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EUROPEAN COMMUNITY INTEGRATION
EUROPEAN INTEGRATION: From Community to Union
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THE FOURTH LABOUR GOVERNMENT: Radical Politics in
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THE FOURTH LABOUR GOVERNMENT: Politics and Policy
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THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN POLITICAL COOPERATION:
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European Union
Common Foreign Policy
From EPC to CFSP Joint Action
and South Africa
Martin Holland
Senior Lecturer in Politics
University of Canterbury, New Zealand
and Alexander von Humboldt Fellow
Arnold Bergstraesser Institut, Freiburg, Germany
Foreword by Sir Leon Brittan
M
St. Martin's Press
© Martin Holland 1995
Foreword © Sir Leon Brittan 1995
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First published in Great Britain 1995 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
ISBN 0-333-61768-1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 95
Printed in Great Britain by
Ipswich Book Co Ltd
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First published in the United States of America 1995 by
Scholarly and Reference Division,
ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC.,
175 Fifth Avenue,
New York, N.Y. 10010
ISBN 0-312-12556-9
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Holland, Martin, 1954-
European Union common foreign policy : from EPC to CFSP joint
action and South Africa / Martin Holland,
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-312-12556-9
1. European Economic Community—South Africa. I. Title.
KJE5110.H65 1995
327.4068—dc20 94-43334
CIP
For my parents
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Contents
List of Tables and Figures viii
Foreword by Sir Leon Brittan ix
Acknowledgements xii
List of Abbreviations xiv
Introduction xvi
1 The Foreign Policy Making Process 1
2 Diplomacy, Codes and Sanctions: 1976-1989 33
3 From Cooperation to Joint Action: 1990-1994 58
4 The 1990s Policy Revisions: Institutions and
Actors 83
5 The 1990s Policy Innovations 117
6 A Framework for Relations with the New South
Africa 151
7 SADC, Regional Integration and the Role of the
Union 188
8 Foreign Policy and South Africa: Lessons of
Wider Importance 216
Postscript: The Reality of EU Election Observation 234
Appendix 238
References 263
Index 271
vn
List of Tables and Figures
Tables
2.1 Synthesis Reports on the Code of Conduct for
Community Companies with Subsidiaries in South
Africa, 1985/6- 1987/88 49
2.2 EPC Statements on South Africa, 1988-90 51
3.1 EPC/CFSP Policy Chronology for South Africa 72
5.1 Revised Code of Conduct: UK Reports,
1985/6-1991/2 120
6.1 EC-South Africa Exports and Imports, 1983-89 180
6.2 EC Imports of South African Iron and Steel,
1985-89 183
6.3 South African Imports from/ Exports to the EC,
1992 184
6.4 South Africa's Top Twenty Traders, 1992 186
7.1 Southern African Regional Economic Indicators 203
Figures
5.1 Special Programme Commitments by Sector,
1986-91 124
5.2 Special Programme Commitments by Sector,
1991-93 124
5.3 Commitments: Education and Training Sector,
1991-93 127
5.4 Commitments: Rural and Agricultural
Development Sector, 1991-93 128
5.5 Commitments: Good Governance and
Democratization Sector, 1991-93 131
5.6 Commitments: Health Sector, 1991-93 132
5.7 Commitments: Community Development Sector,
1991-93 133
5.8 Growth of Special Programme, 1986-94 135
vin
Foreword
The European Union's common foreign and security policy
(CFSP) came into being in 1993, following the ratification of the
Maastricht Treaty. CFSP is still at a nascent stage, it is largely
inter-governmental with joint actions still jointly prepared by all
the Member States and the European Commission. However, it
is, I believe, a growing field of action for the European Union.
This is not just due to the overlap of the political and the
economic in international relations, the fact that markets are
globalizing and the world is becoming more interdependent but
also because in many foreign policy areas all Member States of the
European Union do tend to have common views on the major
foreign and security issues of our time. There is also the resource
element - does it make any sense for the European Union to have
twelve independent foreign and security policies with every
country in the world?
The policy of our Member States regarding South Africa was
already the subject of close coordination as early as 1977. The
European Community's policy towards South Africa in those days
was focused on the question of how to increase pressure on the
apartheid regime to force democratic reform and the respect of
human rights while providing enough incentives for this to
happen. The simple fact that the majority of EU Member States
agreed on the need to impose sanctions implied that close
coordination of policy towards South Africa was necessary.
In all modesty it is right to say that the European Union has
played an important and positive role in the political process that
culminated in May 1994 in the installation of the government of
National Unity under the leadership of President Nelson
Mandela. But our commitment has not ended. The wave of
optimism following the successful political transition cannot hide
the fact that South Africa is faced with massive economic
challenges. Alongside the consolidation of the new democratic
structures, it is necessary to improve quickly the living conditions
of many millions of underprivileged South Africans, who suffered
great discrimination under apartheid. Healing the wounds of
apartheid will in the first place mean creating jobs which are
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