European Solar Radiation Atlas: Solar Radiation on Horizontal and Inclined Surfaces

337 Pages·1996·14.496 MB·English

by  Wolfgang Palz, Jürgen Greif (auth.), Wolfgang Palz, Jürgen Greif (eds.)

European Solar Radiation Atlas
Springer
Berlin
Heidelberg
New York
Barcelona
Budapest
Hong Kong
London
Milan
Paris
Santa Clara
Singapore
Tokyo
Wolfgang Palz · Ju rgen Greif
Commission of the European Communities
(Eds.)
European
Solar Radiation Atlas
Solar Radiation on Horizontal and Inclined Surfaces
Third Improved and Revised Edition
Springer
~is'~Il::iY
Editors
Wolfgang Palz
lurgen Greif
CEC
200 Rue de la Loi
B-I049 Brussels
Compiled by
F. Kasten and H. J. Golchert. Deutscher Wetterdienst
Meteorologisches Observatorium Hamburg
R. Dogniaux and M. Lemoine. Institut Royal Meteorologique de Belgique
Third Edition Revised by
J. Page, University of Sheffield
Project Coordinator
K. Scharmer, GET -Gesellschaft fUr Entwicklungstechnologie mbH, liilich
Atlas prepared under the leadership of the Commission of the European Communities Directorate
General Science, Research and Development, Brussels.
Publication arrangements by Commission of the European Communities Directorate-General Informa
tion Market and Innovation, Luxembourg
ISBN-I3: 97S-3-642-80239-3 e-ISBN-I3: 97S-3-642-80237-9
DOl: IO_IOO7/97S-3-642-80237-9
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied [or
Die [)eutKhe Bibliothek -CIP-Eineheitsaufnahme
European solar radiation atlas: solar radiation on horizontal and indinded surfaces I Wolfgang Palz; !lIrgen Greif(ed.).-
3 .• improved and reV. ed.
Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona ;Budapest; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris; Santa Clara; Singapore; Tokyo:
Sprinser 1996
NE: Palt. Wolfgang [Hrsg.]
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved. whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the
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EUR 16760
C Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 19%
Sol\cover reprint of the llardcover 3rd edition 1996
The use of general deKriptive names, registered names, trademaru, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence
of a specific statement, thaI such name~ are exempt from the relevant protedive laws and regulations and thtrdore frec for general
,~.
Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person actingon behalf of the commission is responsible for the
use which might be made of the following information.
Typesetting: Camera-ready by author
Printing: Saladruck GmbH, Berlin; Bookbinding: lllderitz & Bauer, Berlin
SPIN:IOSOO523 6lf3021)-54 3 2 II). Printed on acid -free paper
Avant-Propos by the Editor
The second edition of the European Solar Radiation Atlas published in 1984 has been received very
positively by the scientific community. This has led us to the situation that this edition, published in
three languages, has been completely distributed much earlier than we had foreseen. This has led the
Commission of the European Communities to prepare a new edition of the Atlas based on the second
edition with relatively minor changes. These changes respect the political developments within the
European Union Member States and within neighbouring countries. Certain material in the two
original Atlases has been left out to achieve a more compact presentation within a single volume.
No new observed data has been introduced. However the opportunity has been taken to improve
some of the estimated values of maximum and minimum global radiation, and to expand the tables to
include more information like the estimates of diffuse radiation used. Methods for estimating hourly
irradiance and illuminance have been introduced. The data are also being provided on disk to assist
their use in microcomputer applications. There is only an English language edition.
We hope that this third edition will be received as positively among the scientific community as it was
the case for the second edition.
Wolfgang Palz,
Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, December 1995.
Editor
Contents
General Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Global radiation on horizontal surfaces .................................................................................................... 3
2.1 General comments .................................................................................................................................... 3
3. Sources of raw data ........................................................................................................................................ 5
4. Quality control and data processing .......................................................................................................... 5
5. Estimation procedures for sites with only heliographic data ................................................................ 6
6. Areas with missing data ............................................................................................................................... 7
7. Gmax and Gmin values in the European Solar Radiation Atlas, second edition (1984) .................. 8
8. Changes introduced in estimated Gmax and Gmin values in this edition of the Atlas .................. 8
9. Other changes introduced in this revision ................................................................................................ 8
9.1. General ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
9.2. Provision of additional estimated data in the Tables .......................................................................... 9
9.2.1. Diffuse radiation data .......................................................................................................................... 9
9.2.2. Extraterrestrial dimensionless ratios .................................................................................................. 9
9.2.3. Somax ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
9.2.4. Estimated sunshine data for sites with no observed sunshine ..................................................... 10
9.2.5. Angstrom regression coefficients ...................................................................................................... 10
10. Horizontal surface radiation tables .......................................................................................................... 11
10.1 The structure of the improved tables ................................................................................................. 11
11. Introduction to the horizontal surface maps .......................................................................................... 13
12. Geographical analysis of the different radiation climates of Europe ................................................ 13
12.1 General features .................................................................................................................................... 13
12.2 Month by month analysis .................................................................................................................... 15
VIII
13. Solar radiation on overcast days ................................................................................................................ 17
14. Introductory comments on global and diffuse radiation on vertical and inclined surfaces .......... 20
15. Outline of the slope prediction process ................................................................................................... 21
15.1 The key components ............................................................................................................................. 21
15.2 Direct beam irradiance from clear skies ............................................................................................. 22
15.3 Diffuse radiation from the clear sky ................................................................................................... 23
15.4 Radiation reflected from the ground .................................................................................................. 23
15.5 Partially cloudy conditions .................................................................................................................. 23
15.6 The final estimation model .................................................................................................................. 24
16. Introduction to the tables for daily global and diffuse radiation incident on slopes ..................... 25
17. Corrections for changes in ground albedo .............................................................................................. 27
18. Comments on slope tables .......................................................................................................................... 27
19. Slope ratios .................................................................................................................................................... 30
20. The computer disk ....................................................................................................................................... 32
21. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................... 34
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 34
Intellectual Property Rights ................................................................................................................... 37
Acknowledgement of key contributions ........................................................................................ 38
Appendices
Appendix 1. Units and symbols ...................................................................................................................... 41
A.1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 41
A.1.2. Solar radiation, terrestrial radiation, irradiance, irradiation, WRR ............................................ .41
A.1.3. General rules on symbol terminology ............................................................................................ .42
A.1.4. Dimensionless terms .......................................................................................................................... 42
A.1.5. Quantities with a dimension ............................................................................................................. 42
IX
Appendix 2. Calculation of extraterrestrial daily irradiation, God and astronomical
daylength Sod ............................................................................................................................. 46
Appendix 3. The methodologies adopted to estimate Gmax and Goon values and Angstrom
a & b coefficients in this edition of the Atlas ...................................................................... 49
A.3.1.lntroduction ........................................................................................................................................ 49
A.3.2. The derivation of the Angstrom coefficient data set in the new horizontal surface tables ...... 49
A.3.3. Gmax and Gmin values in the earlier version of this Atlas ......................................................... 51
A.3.4. Improving Gmax estimates for sites with sunshine data only ..................................................... 53
A.3.5. Improving Gmin estimates for sites with sunshine data only ...................................................... 53
A.3.6. Decisions made concerning specific sites and specific regions ................................................... 56
References .......................................................................................................................................................... 60
Appendix 4. Estimating monthly mean hourly values of global, diffuse and beam radiation
from monthly mean values of daily global and diffuse radiation ................................... 61
A.4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 61
A.4.2. Converting daily mean global radiation to hourly mean irradiances ........................................ 61
A.4.3. Hourly global irradiance on clear (Gmax) days ............................................................................ 62
A.4.4. Overcast days ..................................................................................................................................... 63
A.4.5. Estimating the hourly values of the diffuse irradiances on horizontal surfaces ....................... 63
A.4.6. Estimating the hourly distribution of direct beam radiation on horizontal surfaces .............. 64
A.4.6.1. Rapid estimation of mid hour direct beam irradiance. .................................................. 64
A.4.6.2. More accurate estimation of mid hour direct beam irradiamces .................................. 64
A.4.7. Daily beam radiation availability on obstructed sites .................................................................. 70
A.4.8. Converting solar time to local mean time ....................................................................................... 71
A.4.9. References ........................................................................................................................................... 72
Appendix 5. The estimation of hourly values of the illuminance ........................................................... 74
Appendix 6. Description of computer files for horizontal surfaces with an explanation on
how to extract numeric data from the files for computation ............................................ 77
x
Appendix 7. Description of computer files for inclined surfaces with an explanation on how to
extract numeric data from the files for computation ........................................................... 85
22. Tables Horizontal surface tables, arranged alphabetically by name of country ................................. 91
Table 1. Classification of stations by country ............................................................................................ 92
Table 2. List of 340 stations by country in alphabetical order of country. Arranged in order of
descending latitude within countries .......................................................................................... 93
Site tables for horizontal surfaces Tables of horizontal surface data for 340 sites,
arranged in alphabetic orderof country name. Sites within each country arranged in
descending order of latitude ....................................................................................................... 103
Site tables for inclined surfaces Tables of inclined surface radiation data for 101 sites,
arranged in alphabetic order of country name. Sites within each country arranged in
descending order of latitude ....................................................................................................... 217
23.Maps ............................................................................................................................................................. 319
Map 1 showing of position of sites ........................................................................................................... 321
Map 2 showing isopyrs of annual mean daily solar radiation on horizontal surfaces ...................... 322
Maps 3 to 6: Maps for March, June, September and December of isopyrs of monthly mean
daily solar radiation on horizontal surfaces ....................................................................... 323
Some practical comments on using the data disks .................................................................................... 329
General Overview
The Commission of the European Communities through its Directorate General XII for Science,
Research and Development has had in operation, since 1975, a solar energy R&D programme with the
aim of initiating, stimulating and strengthening solar energy research and development activities in
the Community.
It includes the following fields of research:
A. Solar energy applications to dwellings.
B. Thermomechanical solar power plants.
e. Photovoltaic power generation.
D. Photochemical, photoelectrochemical and photobiological conversion processes.
E. Energy from biomass.
F. Solar radiation data.
G. Wind energy.
H. Solar energy in agriculture and industry.
The second European Solar Radiation Atlas was a published resource that resulted from the 2nd
European Community Solar Energy Programme: Project F: "Solar Radiation Data".
It was presented in two separate volumes, one for horizontal surfaces, the other for inclined surfaces
under the titles:
1. Commission of the European Communities, Solar Radiation Atlas, Volume I : Horizontal surfaces,
edited by W.Palz, Verlag TUV Rheinland, 1984. ISBN 3-88585-194-6. Report No EUR 9344,
and
2. Commission of the European Communities, Solar Radiation Atlas, Volume II: Global and diffuse
radiation on vertical and inclined surfaces, edited by W. Palz, Verlag TUV Rheinland, 1984. ISBN 3-
88585-194-6. Report No EUR 9345.
These two volumes have been out of print for some time. This third edition of the European Solar
Radiation Atlas is a shortened and revised version of the second Atlas. It has been prepared to meet
interim demands for the data in the two volumes of the earlier Atlas, pending the production and
publication of the new European Solar Radiation Atlas, now in preparation under the Joule II
programme, Project JOU2-CT-94-0305/P06-93. This next Atlas will be supported by a user friendly
computer based radiation tool box package linked to a CD ROM data disk.