european foreign policy scorecard 2014 - European Council on

135 Pages·2014·1.15 MB·English

EUROPEAN
FOREIGN POLICY
SCORECARD
2014
ABOUT ECFR
The European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) is
the first pan-European think-tank. Launched in October
2007, its objective is to conduct research and promote
informed debate across Europe on the development
of coherent, effective and values-based European
foreign policy.
ECFR has developed a strategy with three distinctive
elements that define its activities:
• A pan-European Council. ECFR has brought
together a distinguished Council of over two hundred
Members – politicians, decision makers, thinkers
and business people from the EU’s member states
and candidate countries – which meets once a year
as a full body. Through geographical and thematic
task forces, members provide ECFR staff with advice
and feedback on policy ideas and help with ECFR’s
activities within their own countries. The Council is
chaired by Martti Ahtisaari, Joschka Fischer and
Mabel van Oranje.
• A physical presence in the main EU member
states. ECFR, uniquely among European think-tanks,
has offices in Berlin, London, Madrid, Paris, Rome,
Sofia and Warsaw. Our offices are platforms for
research, debate, advocacy and communications.
• A distinctive research and policy development
process. ECFR has brought together a team of
distinguished researchers and practitioners from
all over Europe to advance its objectives through
innovative projects with a pan-European focus.
ECFR’s activities include primary research, publication
of policy reports, private meetings and public
debates, ‘friends of ECFR’ gatherings in EU capitals
and outreach to strategic media outlets.
ECFR is a registered charity funded by the Open
Society Foundations and other generous foundations,
individuals and corporate entities. These donors allow
us to publish our ideas and advocate for a values-
based EU foreign policy. ECFR works in partnership
with other think tanks and organisations but does not
make grants to individuals or institutions.
www.ecfr.eu
EUROPEAN
FOREIGN POLICY
SCORECARD
2014
Copyright of this publication is held by the European Council
on Foreign Relations. You may not copy, reproduce, republish
or circulate in any way the content from this publication
except for your own personal and non-commercial use.
Any other use requires the prior written permission of the
European Council on Foreign Relations.
© ECFR January 2014.
Published by the
European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR)
35 Old Queen Street
London SW1H 9JA
[email protected]
ISBN: 978-1-906538-94-1
EUROPEAN
FOREIGN POLICY
SCORECARD
2014
STEERING GROUP
Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (co-chair) Vaira Vike-Freiberga (co-chair),
Lluís Bassets, Franziska Brantner, Robert Cooper, Heather Grabbe, Jean-Marie
Guéhenno, Jytte Gutland, István Gyamarti , Wolfgang Ischinger, Sylvie Kaufmann,
Gerald Knaus, Nils Muiznieks, Kalypso Nicolaïdis, Christine Ockrent, Albert Rohan,
Nicolò Russo Perez, Marietje Schaake, Klaus Scharioth, Aleksander Smolar,
Paweł S´wieboda, Teija Tiilikainen, Nathalie Tocci, Antonio Vitorino
ECFR DIRECTOR
Mark Leonard
ECFR RESEARCH TEAM
Susi Dennison (project leader)
Hans Kundnani (editor)
Dina Pardijs (data management coordinator)
Kadri Liik (Russia), François Godement, Artur Gradziuk (China), Susi Dennison, Julien
Barnes-Dacey, Anthony Dworkin, Ellie Geranmayeh, Andrew Hammond, Daniel Levy,
Mattia Toaldo, Nick Witney (Middle East and North Africa), Thomas Wright (United
States), Dimitar Bechev (Wider Europe), Stefan Meister (Wider Europe and Russia),
Richard Gowan (Multilateral Issues and Crisis Management).
RESEARCHERS IN MEMBER STATES
Arnold Kammel (Austria), Tim Haesebrouck (Belgium and Luxembourg), Marin
Lessenski (Bulgaria), Filippos Savvides (Cyprus), Vladimír Bartovic (Czech Republic),
Rebecca Adler-Nissen (Denmark), Andres Kasekamp (Estonia), Teemu Rantanen
(Finland), Hewane Serequeberhan (France), Sebastian Feyock (Germany), George
Tzogopoulos (Greece), Zsuzsanna Végh (Hungary), Ben Tonra (Ireland), Andrea Dessi
(Italy), Diana Potjomkina (Latvia), Marius Laurinavicius (Lithuania), Daniel Mainwaring
(Malta), Saskia van Genugten (Netherlands), Lívia Franco (Portugal), Irina Angelescu
(Romania), Sabina Lange (Croatia and Slovenia), Teodor Gyelník (Slovakia), Paula de
Castro (Spain), Jan Joel Andersson (Sweden), Catarina Tulley (United Kingdom).
Acknowledgements
The authors would above all like to thank the Steering Group for their
advice and input, which has been an enormous help as always.
Numerous ECFR staff members apart from the authors themselves
contributed to the project and helped keep the project on track.
Piotr Buras, François Godement, Borja Lasheras, Marta Makowska,
Angela Stanzel and Vessela Tcherneva commented on parts of the
text. Janek Lasocki provided organisational and research support.
Lorenzo Marini and Andreas Mullerleile kept up their great work in
developing and managing the Scorecard website. James Clasper’s
proofreading and David Carroll’s design were amazing as always.
The support of Alba Lamberti in the early stages of the report was
invaluable.
Artur Gradziuk would like to thank PISM for the time they have
allowed him to work on the project in a personal capacity. Thomas
Wright was helped by Rob Keane, Antoine DeSaintPhalle, Nicole
Yeo, and Angie Ro on his research on the transatlantic chapter. Jana
Kobzova also provided useful feedback.
Even though producing this year’s Scorecard was a collective effort,
any mistakes in the text remain the responsibility of the authors.
Contents
Foreword 6
Preface 7
Introduction 9
Chapter 1: China 22
Chapter 2: Russia 36
Chapter 3: United States 50
Chapter 4: Wider Europe 66
Chapter 5: Middle East
and North Africa 82
Chapter 6: Multilateral Issues
and Crisis Management 96
Scores and Grades 113
(complete tables)
Classification of Member States 118
(complete tables)
Abbreviations 124
About the authors 125
Foreword
The Compagnia di San Paolo is one of the largest independent foundations
in Europe and one of the main private funders of research in the fields of EU
affairs and international relations. Over the past few years, the Compagnia
has progressively consolidated its profile in these fields, signing strategic
partnership agreements with institutions such as the German Marshall Fund
of the United States and the Istituto Affari Internazionali. Our overall goal is to
foster a truly European debate on the main issues the EU faces and to encourage
the emergence of a European political space.
It is against this background and as part of the Compagnia’s commitment to
support research on the European integration process, that we continued the
co-operation with the European Council on Foreign Relations on the fourth
edition of the European Foreign Policy Scorecard. We highly appreciate this
co-operation with ECFR and we sincerely hope that this project will intensify
the dialogue among various European stakeholders - both institutional and
from the civil society - with the goal of strengthening our understanding of
Europe’s role as a global player.
Piero Gastaldo
Secretary General
Compagnia di San Paolo
6 EUROPEAN FOREIGN POLICY SCORECARD 2014
Preface
It is a pleasure for us to present the 2014 edition of the European Foreign
Policy Scorecard, an ECFR initiative that aims to achieve an overall evaluation
of the foreign-policy effectiveness of the EU during the course of the past
year. We were particularly pleased to note that Europe’s overall foreign-policy
performance was markedly better in 2013 than in 2012, partly because of some
high-profile successes.
Now in its fourth year, the Scorecard continues to be an important tool for
tracking trends in the development of European foreign policy. We therefore
put emphasis in continuity in the methodology in order to enable meaningful
comparison between European foreign-policy performance in 2013 and the
previous three years.
As in the first three years of the Scorecard, we assessed the performance of EU
actors as a collective, rather than looking at any institution or member state
in particular. We focused on policies and results rather than on institutional
processes in our evaluation of the effectiveness of Europe as a global actor.
European policies were assigned ‘unity’ and ‘resources’ scores, each graded
out of 5, with a third score, ‘outcome’, measured out of 10, which was used to
determine results. The sum of these scores was then translated into a letter
grade for each component.
The role played by individual member states on individual components, slimmed
down from 80 to 66 to make the document as a whole more streamlined,
continued to be evaluated. Researchers in each of the now 28 member states
helped to classify each member state into three nominal categories: as being
either a ‘leader’, a ‘supporter’, or a ‘slacker’ on a selection of these components.
EUROPEAN FOREIGN POLICY SCORECARD 2014 7
Whereas such a categorisation involves political judgments, we have made
sure to explain our reasoning for each of the categorisation in the relevant
components.
A full description of the methodology of the Scorecard can be found on ECFR’s
website at http://www.ecfr.eu/scorecard. As always, the Scorecard project will
continue to transform as the EU itself transforms, and any views and feedback
on the findings in this year’s edition and the way it assesses European foreign-
policy performance are most welcome.
Vaira Vike-Freiberga and Jaap de Hoop Scheffer
January 2014
8 EUROPEAN FOREIGN POLICY SCORECARD 2014