european foreign policy scorecard 2013

151 Pages·2013·2.45 MB·English

EUROPEAN
FOREIGN POLICY
SCORECARD
2013
Justin Vaïsse and
Susi Dennison
with Julien Barnes-Dacey,
Dimitar Bechev, Anthony
Dworkin, Richard Gowan,
Jana Kobzova, Hans
Kundnani, Daniel Levy,
Kadri Liik, Jonas Parello-
Plesner and Nick Witney
ABOUT ECFR
The European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) is
the first pan-European think-tank. Launched in October
2007, its objective is to conduct research and promote
informed debate across Europe on the development
of coherent, effective and values-based European
foreign policy.
ECFR has developed a strategy with three distinctive
elements that define its activities:
• A pan-European Council. ECFR has brought together
a distinguished Council of over one hundred and
seventy Members – politicians, decision makers,
thinkers and business people from the EU’s member
states and candidate countries – which meets once
a year as a full body. Through geographical and
thematic task forces, members provide ECFR staff with
advice and feedback on policy ideas and help with
ECFR’s activities within their own countries. The Council
is chaired by Martti Ahtisaari, Joschka Fischer and
Mabel van Oranje.
• A physical presence in the main EU member
states. ECFR, uniquely among European think-tanks,
has offices in Berlin, London, Madrid, Paris, Rome,
Sofia and Warsaw. In the future ECFR plans to open
an office in Brussels. Our offices are platforms for
research, debate, advocacy and communications.
• A distinctive research and policy development
process. ECFR has brought together a team of
distinguished researchers and practitioners from
all over Europe to advance its objectives through
innovative projects with a pan-European focus.
ECFR’s activities include primary research, publication
of policy reports, private meetings and public
debates, ‘friends of ECFR’ gatherings in EU capitals
and outreach to strategic media outlets.
ECFR is backed by the Soros Foundations Network,
the Spanish foundation FRIDE (La Fundación para
las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior),
the Bulgarian Communitas Foundation, the Italian
UniCredit group, the Stiftung Mercator and Steven
Heinz. ECFR works in partnership with other
organisations but does not make grants to individuals
or institutions.
EUROPEAN
FOREIGN POLICY
SCORECARD
2013
Copyright of this publication is held by the European Council
on Foreign Relations. You may not copy, reproduce, republish
or circulate in any way the content from this publication
except for your own personal and non-commercial use.
Any other use requires the prior written permission of the
European Council on Foreign Relations.
© ECFR January 2013.
Published by the
European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR)
35 Old Queen Street
London SW1H 9JA
[email protected]
ISBN: 978-1-906538-73-6
EUROPEAN
FOREIGN POLICY
SCORECARD
2013
STEERING GROUP
Vaira Vike-Freiberga and António Vitorino (co-chairs)
Lluís Bassets, Charles Clarke, Robert Cooper, Teresa Gouveia, Heather Grabbe,
Jean-Marie Guéhenno, István Gyamarti, Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, Wolfgang Ischinger,
Sylvie Kauffmann, Gerald Knaus, Nils Muiznieks, Kalypso Nicolaïdis, Ruprecht
Polenz, Albert Rohan, Nicolò Russo Perez, Klaus Scharioth, Aleksander Smolar,
Paweł S’wieboda, Teija Tiilikainen
ECFR DIRECTOR
Mark Leonard
ECFR RESEARCH TEAM
Justin Vaïsse and Susi Dennison (project leaders)
Hans Kundnani (editor)
Jonas Parello-Plesner (China), Jana Kobzova and Kadri Liik (Russia), Justin Vaïsse
(United States), Dimitar Bechev and Jana Kobzova (Wider Europe), Susi Dennison,
Julien Barnes-Dacey, Anthony Dworkin, Daniel Levy and Nick Witney (Middle East
and North Africa), Richard Gowan (Multilateral Issues and Crisis Management).
RESEARCHERS IN MEMBER STATES
Verena Knaus (Austria), Hans Diels (Belgium), Antonia Doncheva and Marin
Lessinski (Bulgaria), Philippos Savvides (Cyprus), David Kral (Czech Republic),
Emma Knudsen (Denmark), Andres Kasekamp (Estonia), Teemu Rantanen
(Finland), Olivier de France (France), Olaf Boehnke and Felix Mengel (Germany),
George Tzogopoulos (Greece), Zsuzsanna Végh (Hungary), Ben Tonra (Ireland),
Greta Galeazzi (Italy), Inese Loce (Latvia), Vytis Jurkonis (Lithuania), Hans
Diels (Luxemburg), Cetta Mainwaring (Malta), Paul and Saskia van Genugten
(Netherlands), Marcin Terlikowski (Poland), Lívia Franco (Portugal), Irina
Angelescu (Romania), Sabina Kajncˇ (Slovenia), Teodor Gyelník (Slovakia), Laia
Mestres (Spain), Jan Joel Andersson (Sweden), Catarina Tulley (United Kingdom).
Acknowledgements
The authors would above all like to thank the Steering Group for
their advice and input, which has been an enormous help. Numerous
other policymakers, analysts, and specialists gave input to specific
components and greatly contributed to the Scorecard’s depth and
accuracy. In particular, Christina Markus Lassen commented on the
section on the Middle East and North Africa. However, any mistakes
in the text are the responsibility of the authors.
Numerous members of ECFR staff helped in various ways, especially
Janek Lasocki, who coordinated the project and kept it on track.
Once again Lorenzo Marini did a brilliant job in developing and
managing the Scorecard website. Niall Finn and Madeline Storck
helped with research.
At the Brookings Institution, Antonia Doncheva worked tirelessly
to coordinate the research of the 27 researchers in the member
states, manage tables and grades, compile dates, and check facts and
figures, with great professionalism. Clara O’Donnell, Steven Pifer,
and Domenico Lombardi at Brookings provided very valuable input.
Richard Gowan would also like to thank Edward Burke.
Contents
Foreword 6
Preface 7
Introduction 9
Chapter 1: China 24
Chapter 2: Russia 40
Chapter 3: United States 58
Chapter 4: Wider Europe 75
Chapter 5: Middle East
and North Africa 92
Chapter 6: Multilateral Issues
and Crisis Management 109
Scores and Grades 129
(complete tables)
Classification of Member States 134
(complete tables)
Abbreviations 140
About the authors 141
Foreword
The Compagnia di San Paolo is one of the largest independent foundations
in Europe and one of the main private funders of research in the fields of EU
affairs and international relations. Over the past few years, the Compagnia
has progressively consolidated its profile in these fields, signing strategic
partnership agreements with institutions such as the German Marshall Fund
of the United States and the Istituto Affari Internazionali. Our overall goal is to
foster a truly European debate on the main issues the EU faces and to encourage
the emergence of a European political space.
In these fields, the Compagnia is also a founding member of an initiative of
regional Cooperation, the European Fund for the Balkans, set up with three
other European foundations – the Robert Bosch Stiftung, the King Baudouin
Foundation and the ERSTE Stiftung – with the aim of contributing to the
improvement of the administration of the countries of the Western Balkans,
with a view to their integration in the EU.
It is against this background, and as part of the Compagnia’s commitment
to support research on the European integration process, that we continued
the cooperation with the European Council on Foreign Relations on the third
edition of the European Foreign Policy Scorecard. We highly appreciate this
cooperation with ECFR and we sincerely hope that this project will intensify the
dialogue among various European stakeholders – both institutional and from
civil society – with the goal of strengthening our understanding of Europe’s role
as a global player.
Piero Gastaldo
Secretary General
Compagnia di San Paolo
6 EUROPEAN FOREIGN POLICY SCORECARD 2013
Preface
It is a pleasure for us to present the 2013 edition of the European Foreign Policy
Scorecard, an ECFR initiative that aims to achieve an overall evaluation of the
foreign-policy effectiveness of the EU during the course of the past year. We
were particularly pleased to note that EU foreign policy was reasonably resilient
in 2012 as the EU itself appeared to emerge from its period of crisis.
The Scorecard is now in its third year and, as such, it is becoming an important
tool for tracking trends in the development of European foreign policy. We
therefore put emphasis on continuity in the methodology in order to enable
meaningful comparison between European foreign-policy performance in 2012
and in the previous two years.
As in the first two years of the Scorecard, we assessed the collective performance
of all EU actors, rather than looking at the action of any particular institution
or member state. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of Europe as a global
actor, we focused on policies and results rather than on institutional processes.
We assigned two scores – “unity” and “resources”, each graded out of 5 – for
European policies themselves, and a third score – “outcome”, graded out of
10 – for results. The sum of these scores was then translated into a letter grade.
We also continued to evaluate the role played by individual member states on
30 out of the 80 components of European foreign policy in which they played a
particularly significant role. With the help of researchers in the 27 EU member
states, we classified each member state into three nominal categories as being
either a “leader”, a “supporter”, or a “slacker” in each of these 30 components.
Such a categorisation obviously involves a political judgment. However, we have
strived to continue refining the process this year by explaining the reasoning
that led to the assigning of each category.
EUROPEAN FOREIGN POLICY SCORECARD 2013 7
One of the key developments in European foreign policy in the last three years
was the creation of the European External Action Service (EEAS). Now fully
operational, the EEAS has become a significant actor, not only in coordination
and policymaking in Brussels, but also in EU delegations around the world.
Given that the EEAS will be officially reviewed in 2013, and also in view of the
significant impact that it now has on the implementation of foreign policy in the
EU, we also undertook to examine its performance in detail alongside that of
the other EU institutions and the member states. In particular, we tried to show
where it was active and in what way. As the authors discuss in the introduction,
a complex picture emerges of EEAS activity on different types of policy and in
different regions.
A full description of the Scorecard methodology can be found on ECFR’s
website at http://www.ecfr.eu/scorecard. However, we would like to reiterate
that the Scorecard project will continue to evolve as the EU itself evolves, and
we therefore welcome your views and feedback on the way in which it assesses
European foreign-policy performance, as well the findings in this year’s edition.
Vaira Vike-Freiberga and António Vitorino
January 2013
8 EUROPEAN FOREIGN POLICY SCORECARD 2013