Europe Since 1989: Transitions and Transformations

185 Pages·2015·1.056 MB·English

by  William Outhwaite

Europe Since 1989
Europe Since 1989 charts the development of Europe east and west since the
1989 revolutions. It analyses the emergent European society, the development
of a European public sphere, and civil society. Most books on Europe are heavily
biased to the West, and Europe Since 1989 takes the opposite approach. It argues
that the transformation of the postcommunist world has implications for the whole
of Europe and explores the interplay between long-term fundamental tendencies
and chance events and the possible futures which confront contemporary Europe.
With close attention to political, economic, and other social transformations,
and an appendix which gives special attention to European macro-regions (Nor-
dic/Baltic Europe, Mediterranean Europe), it offers a sociology of Europe with a
strong interdisciplinary emphasis.
William Outhwaite is professor of sociology (emeritus) at Newcastle Univer-
sity. His recent books in this area include European Society (Polity, 2008), Criti-
cal Theory and Contemporary Europe (Continuum, 2012), and (with Larry Ray)
Social Theory and Postcommunism (Blackwell, 2005).
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Europe Since 1989
Transitions and transformations
William Outhwaite
First published 2016
by Routledge
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and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2016 William Outhwaite
The right of William Outhwaite to be identified as author of this work has
been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
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any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Outhwaite, William.
Europe since 1989 : transitions and transformations / by William
Outhwaite. — 1 Edition.
pages cm
1. European Union countries—Economic integration. 2. Europe—
Foreign relations. 3. Europe—Politics and government. I. Title.
HC241.O926 2015
940.56—dc23
2015017541
ISBN: 978-1-138-84706-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-72701-1 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents
Acknowledgements vii
Abbreviations ix
1 Introduction: two alternative prefaces to the
second edition, 2030? 1
2 After 1989 9
3 Path dependence: causal models of postcommunist transition 30
4 East–West divergences and convergences 47
5 Convergence and catching up: EU enlargement and colour
revolutions 63
6 The Russian enigma 79
7 European democracy and civil society 91
8 Out of the crisis? 110
9 Europeanisation and the European Union 123
10 Appendix on territoriality 156
Index 165
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Acknowledgements
My greatest debt is to the Leverhulme Trust, whose Major Research Fellowship
(2008–2011) made possible the bulk of the work behind this book. My new col-
leagues at Newcastle, where I had moved in 2007, were also unfailingly sup-
portive. Several friends there or elsewhere have commented on parts or all of
earlier drafts – notably Frane Adam, Valentina Feklyunina, Luke Martell, Peter
Phillimore, Larry Ray, Darrow Schecter, Richard Sakwa, and Simon Susen. (Any
errors are, of course, mine.) Laura Marcus, whom I accompanied to Edinburgh
and followed to Oxford, where I was an undergraduate, and Daniel Outhwaite
have watched the project develop over the years.
An earlier version of Chapter 2 was presented at the International Consortium
of Social Theory Programs Conference at Cork in summer 2011. Some of the
material in Chapter 4 was presented at a work-in-progress seminar at Newcastle,
the International Consortium of Social Theory Programs Conference at Sussex
in summer 2010, and a Citizenship in South-East Europe (CITSEE) seminar at
Edinburgh in December 2010. An earlier version of parts of this chapter is in the
Journal of Democratic Socialism 1(1), 2011, and I presented an earlier version
of the appendix at the Conference of Europeanists in Barcelona, also in 2011.
Some of the material in the later chapters was presented at workshops at Lan-
caster University and the Hansa-Wissenschaftskolleg, Delmenhorst, in June 2009
and appears in a similar form in my chapter ‘Towards a European Society’ in the
Routledge Handbook of European Sociology, edited by Sokratis Koniordos and
Alexandros-Andreas Kyrtsis (2015). While finalising the manuscript I benefited
also from comments on an overview of the whole project from Mihaela Mihai,
Werner Bonefeld, and others at a politics seminar at York in early 2015.
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Abbreviations
ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations
ÁVH Államvédelmi Hatóság (State Protection Authority)
CAP Common Agricultural Policy
CDU Christlich–Demokratische Union (Christian Democratic Union)
CEE Central and Eastern Europe
CEEC(s) Central and Eastern European Countries
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States (Russian: SNG)
CMEA (Comecon) Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
ČSR, ČSSR Czechoslovak (Socialist) Republic
CSU Christlich–Soziale Union (Christian Social Union)
DDR Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic)
EB Eurobarometer
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EC European Community/ies
ECB European Central Bank
ECJ European Court of Justice; now Court of Justice of the European
Union (CJEU)
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
EFTA European Free Trade Area
FPÖ F reiheitspartei Österreichs (Austrian Freedom Party)
gal/tan green/alternative/libertarian versus traditionalism/authority/nationalism.
GDP gross domestic product
IMF International Monetary Fund
KGB Committee for State Security (Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti)
MEP Member of the European Parliament
MfS Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (Stasi)
NAFTA North American Free Trade Association
NATO North AtlanticTreaty Organization
NGO non-governmental organisation
OECD Organisation for European Cooperation and Development
OMC Open Method of Coordination
PDS Partei des demokratischen Sozialismus
PHARE Pologne, Hongrie: Activité pour la Restructuration Économique