Europe, Mother of Revolutions = Europa，Mutter der Revolution

384 Pages·1974·26.548 MB·English

by  Friedrich Heer (auth.), Charles Kessler, Jennetta Adcock (trans.)

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EUROPE, MOTHER OF
REVOLUTIONS
Friedrich Heer
Translated by Charles Kessler &
Jennetta Adcock
Europe, Mother of Revolutions is a study of
the nineteenth century—a profoundly
restless period in which the intellectual,
religious, social, and political traditions
that had formed society for centuries were
questioned and finally completely over¬
thrown. Professor Heer defines the nine¬
teenth century as extending from the great
explosion of revolutionary ideals in 1789
to the end of World War 11, which left
Europe physically and morally exhausted.
He points to the relaxation of absolute
forms of government and the destruction
of a dominant upper class during this
period as the key factors bringing Europe
and the rest of the world to the brink of
destruction.
Can the claim that Europe is the 4‘Mother
of Revolutions” be justified? Looking
closely at the men and women who played
crucial roles in working out the ideas that
convulsed society. Professor Heer shows
that these nineteenth-century European
thinkers regarded the desire for change as
legitimate and essential. Among those who
were an inspiration both to many of their
contemporaries and to modern thinkers
in their search for answers to current
problems are the initiators and opponents
of the French Revolution; the English
founders of the European romantic move¬
ment; the intellectual leaders of the German
national movement; the revolutionary
romantics such as Holderin and Schlegel;
the revolutionaries of romantic unrest; and
the German intellectuals who linked them,
including Marx, Engels, and Strauss.
(continued on back flap)

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Europe, Mother of Revolutions

Europe,
Mother of Revolutions
Friedrich Heer
Translated from the German by
Charles Kessler and Jennetta Adcock
PRAEGER PUBLISHERS
New York • Washington
BOOKS THAT MATTER
Published in the United States of America in 1972
by Praeger Publishers, Inc., 111 Fourth Avenue,
New York, N.Y. 10003
© 1964 by Friedrich Heer
English translation (§) 1972 in London, England,
by Weidenfeld and Nicolson Ltd.
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without
the prior permission of the Copyright owner.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 72-180867
Printed in Great Britain
Contents
1 PRELUDE
The nineteenth century - In the wake of the great
revolution - A great counter revolutionary: Joseph de
Maistre
2 ENGLAND - MOTHER COUNTRY OF ROMANTICISM
The Marquis de Sade and the death dance of Europe’s
rulers
3 GERMAN SOCIETY IN THE AGE OF THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION
Weimar and Schiller - Hiilsen and the Society of Free
Men - Fichte - Revolutionary Romanticism, a pro¬
gramme for ‘World Revolution’ - Novalis - Homeless
German youth - Tieck - Thus Spake Zarathustra -
Weimar, 1805 - Jean Paul - Weimar phobia - Goethe
-Holderlin - Hegel
4 EUROPEAN ROMANTICISM
‘The French Faust’: Saint-Simon - The Saint-
Simonians - Fourier - Troubled France - Lamartine
- Vigny - George Sand and the Feminist Movement -
Satan in France: fight over the Devil - Baudelaire
and the Devil - Victor Hugo: the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries
5
A GERMAN LEFT
Karl Marx - German left-wing intellectuals -
Friedrich Engels - The Communist Manifesto -
David Friedrich Strauss - Bruno Bauer - Ludwig
Feuerbach - Max Stirner - Kierkegaard
6
GERMANY AWAKE!
The tragedy of German Liberalism - The awakening
of the scholars and professors - 1848 - ‘The Sanctity of
war’ - fantastic nationalism - Bismarck and William 11
- Bismarck - William 11 - The drama of the Centre and
CONTENTS
Social Democratic parties — Contamination and
barbarisation of the German imagination - The Faust
equation - Racial Currents
7 ANOTHER GERMANY 174
Heine - Wagner - Schopenhauer - Nietzsche i -
Overbeck - Nietzsche n
8 TRENDS IN BRITAIN 200
Owen - John Stuart Mill - Carlyle - Froude, Ruskin,
Arnold - Darwin - Huxley - Counter-Christianity
and imperialism
9 UTOPIANISM AND PACIFISM: CONSTRUCTIVE
POLITICAL SANITY 227
10 PROBLEMS OF PROTESTANTISM 236
Who was Jesus? - Protestant cases - What is Christ¬
ianity?
11 PROBLEMS OF CATHOLICISM 243
Mohler - Baader - French Catholicism politicised -
Bonald - Lamennais and L’Avenir - Ozanam and the
Ere Nouvelle - Catholics in Search of dictators - The
Dreyfus Affair - Hope in France: Charles Peguy -
The Church in Conflict — Nineteenth-century papal
verdicts — Ignaz von Dollinger and the first Vatican
Council - Lord Acton - Renan - Loisy - Modernism -
Tyrrell - Hiigel - Italian and German reformism -
Rome and Russia
12 RUSSIA IN EUROPE 312
Holy Russia - The road to Pravda - Belinsky and
Gogol — Four fruitless encounters with the West:
Petscherin, Bakunin, Herzen, Dostoevsky - The
Petrahevsky Circle - Chernyshevsky - The face of
reaction - Katkov and Russophilism - Nicholas n -
Lenin - The Great Exodus - Cosmocracy - Red
Easter - The victory of Red reaction: Stalin - The
Red Origen: Trotsky
INDEX 357