Europe in the Western Alliance: Towards a European Defence Entity?

250 Pages·1988·23.58 MB·English

by  Jonathan Alford

Published by Palgrave Macmillan in association with the International Institute
for Strategic Studies
Studies in International Security
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Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 2XS, England.
Europe in the Western
Alliance
Towards a European Defence Entity?
Edited by
Jonathan Alford
late Deputy Director, lISS
and
Kenneth Hunt
former Deputy Director, lISS
Foreword by Robert O'Neill
M
in association with the
MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan
PRESS
© International Institute for Strategie Studies 1988
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1988 978-0-333-45240-0
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Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to
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First published 1988
Published by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LT D
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG212XS
and London
Companies and representatives
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Typesetting by Footnote Graphics, Warminster, WiIts.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Europe in the Western Alliance: towards a
European defence entity?-(Studies in
International Security).
1. Europe-Defences 2. Europe-Military
relations
I. Alford, Jonathan 11. Hunt, Kenneth
111. International Institute for Strategie
Studies IV. Series
355' .0094 UA646
ISBN 978-1-349-09839-2 ISBN 978-1-349-09837-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-09837-8
Contents
Notes on the Contributors VI
Foreword by Robert O'Neill ix
1 Introduction 1
Jonathan Alford
PART I THE PRESSURES FOR CHANGE
2 Towards a European Defence Entity? 13
Jan Geert Siccama
3 European Defence Cooperation: Why Now? 41
James Steinberg
PART II EUROPE AND THE NATO AREA
4 Thinking about the Unthinkable: Guidelines for a
Euro-Defence Concept 61
Pierre Lellouche
5 Problems of Transition 84
Niels J. Haagerup and Christian Thune
PART III EUROPE AND THE WORLD OUTSIDE
6 European Responses Outside Europe 109
John Chipman
7 Europe and Global Security 155
Richard D. Vine
PART IV THE REFORM OF EUROPEAN
INSTITUTIONS
8 A European Defence Entity: European Institutions and
Defence 177
Trevor Taylor
9 A European SACEUR? 221
James Eberle
10 Comment on 'A European SACEUR?' 230
Gregory F. Treverton
11 Conclusions 234
Kenneth Hunt
Index 241
Notes on the Contributors
Colonel Jonathan Alford was Deputy Director of the IISS from 1978
until his death in 1986. He joined the Institute as Assistant Director
in 1977 on retirement from the British Army. Commissioned into the
Royal Engineers in 1953 from RMA Sandhurst, Colonel Alford read
Mechanical Sciences at Cambridge University (Jesus College). He
served subsequently in Germany, the Pacific and the UK (including
Northern Ireland). He was both student and instructor at the British
Army Staff College and served on the General Staff in the Ministry of
Defence and in HQ UK Land Forces, Wilton. His last appointment
before leaving the service was as a Defence Fellow at King's College,
London.
Mr John Chipman is Assistant Director for Regional Security Studies
at the IISS. From 1985 until 1987 he was a Research Associate at the
Atlantic Institute for International Affairs in Paris. His publications
on European and regional security issues include: French Military
Policy and African Security (1985), and (ed.) NATO's Southern
Region: Internal and External Challenges (1988).
Admiral Sir James Eberle, GCB, has been the Director of the Royal
Institute of International Affairs since 1984. He studied at Clifton
College, RNC, Dartmouth and Greenwich, and has written exten-
sively on international affairs and defence strategy. He served as
Commander-in-Chief, Fleet, and Allied Commander-in-Chief,
Channel and Eastern Atlantic, 1979-81; and Commander-in-Chief,
Naval Home Command, 1981-2. He retired from the Royal Navy in
1983.
Mr Niels J..-rgen Haagerup was Director of the Danish Institute of
International Studies from 1978 until his death in 1986 and Director
of the Danish Foreign Policy Society from 1984. From 1975 until 1984
he was a member of the Council of the IISS. He was a member of the
European Parliament from 1980 until 1985.
Brigadier Kenneth Hunt, OBE, MC, is currently a research associate
at the Research Institute for Peace and Security, Tokyo, where he is
joint editor of Asian Security. He served as a regular officer in the
VI
Notes on the Contributors VII
British Army in the Royal Artillery, commanding an artillery
regiment and a brigade. On resigning from the Army in 1967, he
became Deputy Director of the IISS, a post he held until 1978. Since
that time, Brigadier Hunt has been a Visiting Professor at the
University of Surrey, the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and
the University of Southern California. He returned to the Institute in
1986 as Special Assistant to the Director, a post he held until May
1987.
Mr Pierre Lellouche is Associate Director at the Institut Fran~ais des
Relations Internationales in Paris, as well as columnist on security
issues for the French weekly Le Point, and the international edition
of Newsweek. He is the author of several articles and books. His most
recent books include: L'Avenir de la Guerre (1985), and Le Couple
Franco-Allemand et la Defense de I'Europe (co-edited with Karl
Kaiser, 1986).
Mr Jan G. Siccama is a senior researcher at the Netherlands Institute
of International Relations 'Clingendael'. He is the co-author of
NATO's Northern Allies, Studies of Peace, War, and Security, and the
author of Call-Sign: Air-Land Battle. He has published numerous
articles on arms control, strategy and European security.
Mr James B. Steinberg was Senior Research Fellow in US Strategic
Policy at the IISS from 1986 to 1987, following a year as an
International Affairs Fellow from the Council on Foreign Relations.
From 1983 until 1985 Mr Steinberg served as Defense and Military
Affairs Counsel to Senator Edward M. Kennedy. His publications
include 'Strategic Forces' (with Lynn Davis) in the American Defense
Annual 1987-88 (1987) and 'Rethinking the Debate on Burden-Shar-
ing', Survival, Jan.-Feb. 1987.
Dr Trevor Taylor is Principal Lecturer in International Relations at
North Staffordshire Polytechnic. He has published a range of
material in the field of defence politics and economics and on
international relations theory. His books include Approaches and
Theory in International Relations, Defence, Technology and Interna-
tional Integration and European Defence Cooperation. He is currently
working on a study of the UK defence industrial base.
viii Notes on the Contributors
Professor Christian Thune is Chairman of the Board of the Danish
Institute of International Studies. Since 1981 he has been a member
of the Danish Government's Commission on Security and Disarma-
ment. He is Professor in International Relations and Dean of the
Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Copenhagen and also
co-editor of the Danish Yearbook of Foreign Politics.
Dr Gregory F. Treverton is Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign
Relations in New York. He has served on the staff of the Senate
Intelligence Committee and on the National Security Council during
the Carter Administration. He is the author of Making the Alliance
Work: the US and Western Europe and, most recently, Covert Action:
the Limits of Intervention in the Post War World.
Mr Richard D. Vine is a retired American diplomat specializing in
European Affairs. He has served in Germany, France, Belgium and
Switzerland and he has spent several terms in the Bureau of
European Affairs of the Department of State. Mr Vine was the
Director-General of the Atlantic Institute for International Affairs in
Paris from 1982 until 1986.
Foreword
This study focuses on the problems of the Western Alliance in the
late 1980s, analyses options and proposes policies which should help
Europe better to ensure its security in the changing world of the
coming decade. Lest it should be thought that the Alliance is in a
fundamentally different condition to that of a generation ago, let me
remind readers that this topic was the central concern of the
Institute's first book, NATO in the 1960s, by Alastair Buchan,
published in 1960 and revised in 1962. In this study, Buchan
examined the nature of the partnership between Europe and the US
against the background of rapid political, military and technological
change, particularly that caused by the rise of the European
Economic Community (EEC). His basic conclusion was that despite
Europe's greater sense of independence, its liberty still depended on
'the closest possible partnership' with the United States.
This present volume accepts that conclusion as still valid but goes
on to ask specifically how Europe can best play its part in the Western
Alliance in the light of more recent political, military, economic,
social and technological changes. In so doing, it casts fresh light on
old problems, as well as bringing new issues into consideration. The
conclusions reached, both by the authors of the individual chapters
and by the final editor, Kenneth Hunt, provide carefully thought
through analyses and prescriptions which, we hope, will be of use to
policy-makers and advisers, and other participants in the public
debate on European security and Alliance relations, as they think
about the challenges of the decade ahead.
This study began with a research design formulated in late 1983,
against the background of increasing dissent within Europe concern-
ing the deployment of intermediate-range nuclear weapons and the
growth of doubts in many quarters about the basic health of the
Alliance. Despite the apparent success of NATO's Twin Track
policy, culminating in progress towards a possible agreement in 1987
for the elimination of intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF) from
Europe, the problems still faced by the Alliance are both manifold
and serious in nature. We have approached them with care and
deliberation, seeking a wide range of views on both sides of the
Atlantic, refining the structure of the book in 1984 and commencing
the analysis in 1985. The chapters were then criticized at workshops
ix