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Europe before Rome : a site-by-site tour of the stone, bronze, and iron ages PDF

425 Pages·2013·23.19 MB·English
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EUROPE BEF OR E ROME This page intentionally left blank EUROPE BEF OR E ROME A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages T. DOUGLAS PRICE 1 3 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Th ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Price, T. Douglas (Th eron Douglas) Europe before Rome: a site-by-site tour of the stone, bronze, and iron ages / T. Douglas Price. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–19–991470–8 1. Antiquities, Prehistoric—Europe—Guidebooks. 2. Europe—Antiquities—Guidebooks. I. Title. GN803.P757 2012 936 – dc23 2011044145 ISBN 978–0–19–991470–8 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper CONTENTS Biographical Note • ix Preface • xi CHAPTER ONE Frameworks for Europe’s Past Geography and Environment • 2 Geology • 4 Past Climate • 6 Raw Materials • 7 Time and Chronology • 9 A Very Short History of European Archaeology • 11 CHAPTER TWO The First Europeans Early Europeans • 15 Atapuerca, Spain, 1.3 Million Years Ago • 19 Boxgrove, England, 500,000 Years Ago • 25 Sch ö ningen, Germany, 400,000 Years Ago • 28 Neanderthals • 32 Krapina, Serbia, 130,000 Years Ago • 34 Salzgitter-Lebenstedt, Germany, 55,000 Years Ago • 37 El Sidr ó n, Spain, 43,000 Years Ago • 40 Grotte du Renne, France, 40,000 Years Ago • 42 Vindija Cave, Croatia, 34,000 Years Ago • 45 Ancient DNA • 46 Neanderthal Diet • 47 Some Refl ections • 49 CHAPTER THREE The Creative Explosion Origin and Spread of Modern Humans • 56 Th e Upper Paleolithic • 58 v vi CONTENTS Pestera cu Oase, Romania, 40,000 Years Ago • 60 Grotte Chauvet, France, 32,000 Years Ago • 62 Grande Grotte, Arcy-sur-Cure, France, 32,000 Years Ago • 67 Doln í V ě stonice, Czech Republic, 27,500 Years Ago • 69 Grotte de la Vache, France, 14,000 Years Ago • 76 G ö nnersdorf, Germany, 11,500 Years Ago • 80 Pincevent, France, 12,000 Years Ago • 87 Doggerland, North Sea, 11,000 BC • 91 Th e Last Hunters • 93 Franchthi Cave, Greece, 9000 B C • 95 Mount Sandel, Ireland, 7000 BC • 98 Moita do Sebasti ã o, Portugal, 6000 BC • 101 Polderweg, Netherlands, 5500 B C • 104 Tybrind Vig, Denmark, 5000 B C • 109 Vedb æ k, Denmark, 5000 BC • 114 Rock Art: Vingen, Norway, 5000 BC • 116 Some Refl ections • 118 CHAPTER FOUR The First Farmers Th e Origins and Spread of Agriculture • 124 Neolithic Cyprus • 127 Shillourokambos, Cyprus, 8200 BC • 129 Asprokremnos, Cyprus, 8800 BC • 130 Nea Nikomedeia, Greece, 6200 BC • 132 Lepenski Vir, Serbia, 6200 B C • 138 Vin č a, Serbia, 5500 B C • 143 Rudna Glava, Serbia, 5000 BC • 148 Varna, Bulgaria, 4500 BC • 149 Passo di Corvo, Italy, 6000 BC • 152 Linearbandkeramik • 155 Vaihingen, Germany, 5300 BC • 159 Polished Flint Axes • 163 Spiennes, Belgium, 4400 BC • 165 La Draga, Spain, 5000 B C • 168 CONTENTS vii Arbon-Bleiche 3, Switzerland, 3384 B C • 171 Ö tzi, Italy, 3300 BC • 178 Th e Megaliths of Western Europe • 182 Skara Brae, Orkney Islands, 3200 BC • 185 Stonehenge, England, 3100 BC • 191 Newgrange, Ireland, 3100 B C • 202 Los Millares, Spain, 3200 BC • 205 Hal Safl ieni, Malta, 3600 B C • 209 Rock Art: Barranco de la Valtort, Spain, 5500 BC • 212 Some Refl ections • 215 CHAPTER FIVE Bronze Age Warriors Th e Rise of Metals • 219 Th e Bronze Age in the Aegean • 221 Knossos, Crete, Greece, 3000 BC • 224 Akrotiri, Santorini, Greece, 1626 BC • 229 Mykene, Greece, 1600 BC • 233 Uluburun, Turkey, 1300 B C • 242 Th e Bronze Age North of the Alps • 244 Bell Beaker • 248 Th e Indo-Europeans • 250 Amesbury Archer, England, 2470 BC • 251 Poggiomarino, Italy, 1600 B C • 251 Croce del Papa, Italy, 2150 B C • 253 Nebra, Germany, 1600 BC • 256 Bronze Age Finds • 259 Su Nuraxi di Barumini, Sardinia, Italy, 1800 B C • 263 Borum Esh ø j, Denmark, 1350 BC • 268 Bredar ö r, Sweden, 1000 B C • 275 Salcombe, England, 1000 BC • 276 Flag Fen, England, 1350 BC • 278 Rock Art: Tanum, Sweden, 1500 B C • 282 Some Refl ections • 284 viii CONTENTS CHAPTER SIX Centers of Power, Weapons of Iron At the Edge of History • 287 Th e Celts • 291 Th e Germans • 292 Th e Scythians • 294 Making Iron • 295 Biskupin, Poland, 738 B C • 297 Th e Etruscans • 300 Necropoli della Banditaccia, Italy, 650 B C • 302 Hallstatt, Austria, 800 BC • 305 Hochdorf, Germany, 530 BC • 307 Vix, France, 480 BC • 311 Danebury, England, 550 B C • 315 Grauballe, Denmark, 300 BC • 319 Manching, Germany, 300 B C • 323 Maiden Castle, England, 43 BC • 325 Gournay-sur-Aronde, Ribemont-sur-Ancre, France, 260 B C • 329 Celtic Religion • 332 Some Refl ections • 333 EPILOGUE P ast and Present—Lessons from Prehistoric Europe Europe before Rome • 338 Signifi cance • 342 Relevance • 343 Preservation • 344 Appreciation • 345 Further Reading • 347 Picture Credits • 387 Index • 395 BIOGR APHICAL NOTE DOUG PRICE (Ph.D., 1975, University of Michigan) is Weinstein Professor of European Archaeology Emeritus and former director of the Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he served on the faculty for more than thirty-seven years. He was also Sixth Century Chair in Archaeological Science at the University of Aberdeen until his retirement. His current research at the Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry concerns the use of strontium isotopes in human tooth enamel to look at questions of prehistoric migration. Th e laboratory is involved in the chemical analysis of ceramics, bone, soils, and other archaeological materials. His archaeological fi eldwork has focused on the beginnings of agriculture on the island of Zealand, Denmark. He is the author or editor of more than 150 scientifi c articles and fi fteen books, the most recent of which include P rinciples of Archaeology (2006); An Introduction to Archaeological Chemistry (with James Burton, 2010); P athways to Power (edited with Gary Feinman, 2010); Th e Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas (edited with Ofer Bar-Yosef, 2011), and Images of the Past 7th ed. (with Gary Feinman, 2012). ix

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Werner Herzog's 2011 film Cave of Forgotten Dreams, about the painted caves at Chauvet, France brought a glimpse of Europe's extraordinary prehistory to a popular audience. But paleolithic cave paintings, stunning as they are, form just a part of a story that begins with the arrival of the first hum
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