Europe, 1890-1945

433 Pages·8.739 MB·English

by  Stephen J. Lee

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Europe, 1890–1945
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20111 Europe, 1890–1945is a new approach to teaching and learning early twentieth-century European
1 history at A-level. It meets the needs of teachers and students studying for today’s revised
2 AS-level exams.
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4 In a unique style, Europe, 1890–1945 focuses on the key topics within the period. Each topic is
5 then comprehensively explored to provide background, essay-writing advice and examples, source
6 work and historical skills exercises.
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8 From 1890–1945, the key topics featured include:
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30 • The Origins and Impact of the First World War
1 • The Russian Revolution and the Rise of Stalin
2 • The Weimar Republic and the Rise of Hitler
3 • Mussolini and Fascist Italy
4 • Stalin and the Soviet Union, 1928–41
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6 Using essay styles and source exercises from each of the exam boards, AQA, Edexcel and OCR,
7 this book is an essential text for students and teachers.
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9 Stephen J. Lee is Head of History at Bromsgrove School. His many books include The European
40 Dictatorships, 1918–1945 (2nd edition, 2000), Hitler and Nazi Germany (1998) and The Weimar
1 Republic (1998).
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Spotlight History
Britain, 1846–1919
Jocelyn Hunt
Europe, 1890–1945
Stephen J. Lee
Forthcoming titles:
Britain in the Twentieth Century
Ian Cawood
The United States, 1763–2000
John Spiller, Tim Clancey, Stephen Young and Simon Mosley
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Europe, 1890–1945
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First published 2003 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
Transferred to Digital Printing 2010
© 2003 Stephen J. Lee
Typeset in Minion and Helvetica Neue Light by
Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Lee, Stephen J., 1945–
Europe, 1890–1945/Stephen J. Lee. – 1st ed.
p. cm.
1. Europe – History – 1871–1918. 2. Europe – History – 1918–1945.
3. World War, 1914–1918. 4. World War, 1939–1945.
5. Communism – Soviet Union. 6. Germany – History – 1918–1933.
7. Germany – History – 1933–1945. 8. National socialism. I. Title.
D397.L36 2003
940.2′8–dc21 2003005353
ISBN 0–415–25454–X (hbk)
ISBN 0–415–25455–8 (pbk: alk paper)
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For Margaret
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and Charlotte
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Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
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Contents
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10111 List of illustrations viii
1 Acknowledgements x
2 Series Introduction xi
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1 An Introduction to the Period 1
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2 The Era of the First World War, 1890–1919 7
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3 Russia, 1855–1917 59
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4 Imperial and Weimar Germany, 1890–1933 111
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5 Italy, 1918–45 165
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6 Nazi Germany, 1933–45 213
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7 Russia and the Soviet Union, 1918–53 263
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9 8 International Relations, 1919–39 315
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1 9 General Conclusion: From AS to A2 363
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Biographies of Important Personalities 369
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Glossary of Key Terms 384
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Select Bibliography 396
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Index 400
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Illustrations
1.1 Map of Europe, 1914 3
1.2 Map of Europe, 1919–39 4
2.1 Alliances in 1914 20
2.2 Assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo, 28 June 1914 24
2.3 Declarations of war 25
2.4 Map showing the sides in the First World War 31
2.5 The signing of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919 38
2.6 The end of three empires and the emergence of the successor states, 1918–21 40
2.7 Map illustrating the end of three empires and the emergence of the successor
states, 1918–21 41
3.1 The 1905 Revolution 77
3.2 Russian political parties from 1906 79
3.3 Russian revolutionary movements 85
3.4 The Bolshevik Revolution, October 1917 91
3.5 Lenin and Trotsky 92
3.6 Social classes in Russia, 1900 95
4.1 Map of Germany, 1871–1918 114
4.2 Kaiser Wilhelm II 122
4.3 The German constitutions of 1871 and 1919 127
4.4 The political parties of imperial and Weimar Germany 128
4.5 The triangular economic relationship following the Dawes Plan (1924) –
reparations and loans, 1924–9 133
4.6 Gustav Stresemann 134
4.7 Paul von Hindenburg 138
5.1 Mussolini in civilian clothes in the 1920s 170
5.2 Mussolini in uniform in the 1930s 171
5.3 The origins of fascism 174
5.4 The significance of the fasces symbol 176
5.5 Map of Italian expansion, 1919–40 192
5.6 ‘The man who took the lid off’, 1935 208
5.7 View foils with text 209
5.8 German troops in Austria in 1938 210
5.9 ‘In the melting pot again’, 1936 210
6.1 Hitler and Hindenburg in 1933 216
6.2 The systems of indoctrination and coercion in the Third Reich 225
6.3 The SS/Gestapo 228
6.4 The effect of bombing in the Second World War – the ruins of Hamburg 245
7.1 Lenin and Stalin together 267
7.2 The rise of Stalin and his changing ideas: a possible interpretation 279
7.3 The Soviet secret police 284
ILLUSTRATIONS • ix
1111 7.4 A collective farm in the 1930s 287
2111 7.5 Map of the Soviet Union in 1950 298
3 7.6 An official Soviet cartoon of 1937 – Trotsky washing his hands in the blood of
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5 8.1 The League of Nations in session 321
6 8.2 Signing the Locarno Pact of 1925 – Austen Chamberlain, Gustav Stresemann
7 and Monsieur Briand are present 327
8 8.3 Neville Chamberlain at Munich, 1938 332
9 8.4 ‘The Treaty of Versailles sends Germany to the Guillotine’ 350
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