Europe 1450 to 1789: encyclopedia of the early modern world PDF
Preview Europe 1450 to 1789: encyclopedia of the early modern world
Volume1HALF 9/30/03 12:26 PM Page 1 E UROPE 1450 1789 TO ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE EARLY MODERN WORLD 66253_DEME_Vol-4_FM.qxd 10/15/2003 1:37 PM Page ii EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR IN CHIEF Jonathan Dewald University at Buffalo, The State University of New York ASSOCIATE EDITORS George C. Bauer Linda F. Bauer University of California, Irvine James J. Bono University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Paul F. Grendler University of Toronto, Emeritus Paul D. Griffiths Iowa State University Donald R. Kelley Rutgers University Nancy Shields Kollmann Stanford University H. C. Erik Midelfort University of Virginia Carla Rahn Phillips University of Minnesota, Twin Cities William Weber California State University, Long Beach Madeline C. Zilfi University of Maryland, College Park Volume4TITLE 9/30/03 12:30 PM Page 1 E UROPE 1450 1789 TO ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE EARLY MODERN WORLD Volume 4 Macau to Pope Jonathan Dewald, Editor in Chief 66253_DEME_Vol-4_FM.qxd 10/15/2003 1:37 PM Page iv Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World Jonathan Dewald, Editor in Chief © 2004 by Charles Scribner’s Sons ALL RIGHTS RESERVED For permission to use material from this product, Charles Scribner’s Sons is an imprint of The Gale No part of this work covered by the copyright submit your request via Web at http://www.gale- Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or edit.com/permissions, or you may download our by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, Permissions Request form and submit your request Charles Scribner’s Sons® and Thomson Learning™ including photocopying, recording, taping, Web by fax or mail to: are trademarks used herein under license. distribution, or information storage retrieval Permissions Department For more information, contact systems—without the written permission of the The Gale Group, Inc. Charles Scribner’s Sons publisher. 27500 Drake Rd. An imprint of The Gale Group Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 300 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10010 Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Europe 1450 to 1789 : encyclopedia of the early modern world / Jonathan Dewald, editor in chief. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-684-31200-X (set : hardcover) — ISBN 0-684-31201-8 (v. 1) — ISBN 0-684-31202-6 (v. 2) — ISBN 0-684-31203-4 (v. 3) — ISBN 0-684-31204-2 (v. 4) — ISBN 0-684-31205-0 (v. 5) — ISBN 0-684-31206-9 (v. 6) 1. Europe—History—15th century—Encyclopedias. 2. Europe—History—1492–1648— Encyclopedias. 3. Europe—History—1648–1789—Encyclopedias. 4. Europe—Intellectual life—Encyclopedias. 5. Europe—Civilization—Encyclopedias. I. Title: Encyclopedia of the early modern world. II. Dewald, Jonathan. D209.E97 2004 940.2—dc22 2003015680 This title is also available as an e-book. ISBN 0-684-31423-1 (set) Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information. Printed in United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 66253_DEME_Vol-4_FM.qxd 10/15/2003 1:37 PM Page v CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME VOLUME 4 Marriage Marseille Martyrs and Martyrology Marvels and Wonders Using the Encyclopedia . . . xxi Mary I (England) Maps of Europe, 1453 to 1795 . . . xxiii Mathematics List of Abbreviations . . . xxxi Matter, Theories of Matthias (Holy Roman Empire) Maulbertsch, Franz Anton Maximilian I (Holy Roman Empire) M Maximilian II (Holy Roman Empire) Mazarin, Jules Macau Mazepa, Ivan Machiavelli, Niccolò Mechanism Madness and Melancholy Medici Family Madrid Medicine Magellan, Ferdinand Medina Sidonia, Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, Magic 7thduke of Malpighi, Marcello Mediterranean Basin Mandeville, Bernard Mehmed II (Ottoman Empire) Manila Melanchthon, Philipp Mannerism Mendelssohn, Moses Mansart, François Mengs, Anton Raphael Mantua Mercantilism Mantuan Succession, War of the (1627–1631) Mercenaries Marburg, Colloquy of Merian, Maria Sibylla Marguerite de Navarre Mersenne, Marin Maria Theresa (Holy Roman Empire) Mesmer, Franz Anton Mariana, Juan de Messianism, Jewish Marie Antoinette Methodism Marie de l’Incarnation Mexico City Marie de Médicis Michael Romanov (Russia) Marillac, Michel de Michelangelo Buonarroti Marlowe, Christopher Midwives v 66253_DEME_Vol-4_FM.qxd 10/15/2003 1:37 PM Page vi C O N T E N T S O F T H I S V O L U M E Milan Naples, Art in Military Naples, Kingdom of Armies: Recruitment, Organization, Naples, Revolt of (1647) andSocial Composition Nasi Family Battle Tactics and Campaign Strategy National Identity Early Modern Military Theory Natural History Natural Law Historiography Nature Milton, John Navigation Acts Miracles Navy Missions, Parish Neoclassicism Missions and Missionaries Neoplatonism Asia Nepotism Spanish America Netherlands, Art in the Mobility, Geographic Art in the Netherlands, 1500–1585 Mobility, Social Art in Flanders, 1585–1700 Mohyla, Peter Art in the Northern Netherlands, 1585–1700 Molière Netherlands, Southern Monarchy Neumann, Balthasar Money and Coinage New York Central and Eastern Europe Newton, Isaac Western Europe Nikon, patriarch Monopoly Noble Savage Montaigne, Michel de Northern Wars Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat de Novalis Monteverdi, Claudio Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich Moral Philosophy and Ethics Nuremberg Moravian Brethren More, Henry More, Thomas Moriscos O Moriscos, Expulsion of (Spain) Morozova, Boiarynia Obstetrics and Gynecology Occult Philosophy Moscow Odalisque Motherhood and Childbearing Officeholding Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus Old Age Munich Old Believers Münster Oldenbarneveldt, Johan van Muratori, Ludovico Antonio Oldenburg, Henry Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban Olivares, Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, count of Museums Opera Music Oprichnina Music Criticism Optics Orphans and Foundlings Orthodoxy, Greek Orthodoxy, Russian Ottoman Dynasty N Ottoman Empire Nantes, Edict of Oxenstierna, Axel vi E U R O P E 1 4 5 0 T O 1 7 8 9 66253_DEME_Vol-4_FM.qxd 10/15/2003 1:37 PM Page vii C O N T E N T S O F T H I S V O L U M E Philadelphia P Philip II (Spain) Pacific Ocean Philip III (Spain) Pacifism Philip IV (Spain) Painting Philip V (Spain) Palatinate Philosophes Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da Philosophy Palladio, Andrea, and Palladianism Physics Papacy and Papal States Physiocrats and Physiocracy Paracelsus Picturesque Paris Pietism Parlements Pilon, Germain Parliament Piracy Parma Piranesi, Giovanni Battista Parma, Alexander Farnese, duke of Pitt, William the Elder and William the Younger Pascal, Blaise Pius IV (pope) Passarowitz, Peace of (1718) Pius V (pope) Passions Pizarro Brothers Pastel Plague Patiño y Morales, José Poisons, Affair of the Patriarchy and Paternalism Poissy, Colloquy of Patriot Revolution Poland, Partitions of Patronage Poland to 1569 Paul I (Russia) Poland-Lithuania, Commonwealth of, 1569–1795 Paul III (pope) Police Paul V (pope) Polish Literature and Language Pawning Polish Succession, War of the (1733–1738) Peasantry Political Parties in England Peasants’ War, German Political Philosophy Peiresc, Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Political Secularization Pepys, Samuel Pompadour, Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson Perrault, Charles Pompeii and Herculaneum Persecution Poniatowski, Stanislaw II Augustus Peter I (Russia) Pope, Alexander Petty, William E U R O P E 1 4 5 0 T O 1 7 8 9 vii 66253_DEME_Vol-4_FM.qxd 10/15/2003 1:37 PM Page ix CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES VOLUME 1 Anabaptism Anatomy and Physiology Ancien Régime Ancient World Using the Encyclopedia . . . xxiii Ancients and Moderns Preface . . . xxv Andrusovo, Truce of (1667) Introduction . . . xxix Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars Anguissola, Sofonisba Maps of Europe, 1453 to 1795 . . . xxxix Anna (Russia) List of Maps . . . xlvii Anne (England) List of Abbreviations . . . xlix Anne of Austria Chronology . . . li Anne of Brittany Anticlericalism Antwerp Apocalypticism A Apothecaries Archaeology Absolutism Architecture Academies, Learned Arctic and Antarctic Academies of Art Aristocracy and Gentry Accounting and Bookkeeping Aristotelianism Acoustics Addison, Joseph Armada, Spanish Advice and Etiquette Books Arnauld Family Africa Art North Art Exhibitions Sub-Saharan The Art Market and Collecting Agriculture Art Theory, Criticism, and Historiography Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duke of Artistic Patronage Alchemy The Conception and Status of the Artist Aldrovandi, Ulisse Artisans Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’ Asam Family Alexis I (Russia) Asia American Independence, War of (1775–1783) Assassination Amsterdam Astrology ix 66253_DEME_Vol-4_FM.qxd 10/15/2003 1:37 PM Page x C O N T E N T S O F O T H E R V O L U M E S Astronomy Bodin, Jean Atheism Boehme, Jacob Atlantic Ocean Boerhaave, Herman Augsburg Bohemia Augsburg, Religious Peace of (1555) Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas Augustus II the Strong (Saxony and Poland) Bordeaux Austria Boris Godunov (Russia) Austrian Succession, War of the (1740–1748) Borromeo, Carlo Austro-Ottoman Wars Borromini, Francesco Authority, Concept of Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne Autocracy Boston Avvakum Petrovich Boswell, James Botany Boucher, François Bourbon Dynasty (France) B Bourbon Dynasty (Spain) Bourgeoisie Bach Family Boyle, Robert Bacon, Francis Brahe, Tycho Balkans Brandenburg Balloons Brant, Sebastian Baltic and North Seas Britain, Architecture in Baltic Nations Britain, Art in Banditry British Colonies Banking and Credit The Caribbean Bankruptcy India Barcelona North America Barometer Brittany Baroque Browne, Thomas Basque Country Bruegel Family Bassi, Laura Bruno, Giordano Bavaria Budapest Baxter, Richard Budé, Guillaume Bayle, Pierre Buenos Aires Beaumont and Fletcher Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, marquis of Bullinger, Heinrich Behn, Aphra Bunyan, John Belarus Burgundy Bellarmine, Robert Burke, Edmund Benedict XIV (pope) Burney, Frances Berkeley, George Buxtehude, Dieterich Berlin Bernini, Gian Lorenzo Bérulle, Pierre de Bèze, Théodore de C Bible Interpretation Cabala Translations and Editions Cádiz Biography and Autobiography Calderón de la Barca, Pedro Biology Calendar Black Sea Steppe Callot, Jacques x E U R O P E 1 4 5 0 T O 1 7 8 9 66253_DEME_Vol-4_FM.qxd 10/15/2003 1:37 PM Page xi C O N T E N T S O F O T H E R V O L U M E S Calvin, John Childhood and Childrearing Calvinism Christina (Sweden) Cambrai, League of (1508) Chronometer Cambridge Platonists Church and State Relations Camera Obscura Church of England Camisard Revolt Churchill, John, duke of Marlborough Camões, Luís Vaz de Cisneros, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Canova, Antonio Cities and Urban Life Capitalism Citizenship Caravaggio and Caravaggism City Planning Caricature and Cartoon City-State Carnival Class, Status, and Order Carracci Family Classicism Carriera, Rosalba Claude Lorrain (Gellée) Cartesianism Clergy Cartography and Geography Protestant Clergy Casanova, Giacomo Girolamo Roman Catholic Clergy Castiglione, Baldassare Russian Orthodox Clergy Catalonia Clocks and Watches Catalonia, Revolt of (1640–1652) Clothing Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) Clouet, François Catherine II (Russia) Cobos, Francisco de los Catherine de Médicis Coins and Medals Catholic League (France) Colbert, Jean-Baptiste Catholic Spirituality and Mysticism Coligny Family Catholicism Cavendish, Margaret Caxton, William VOLUME 2 Cecil Family Cellini, Benvenuto C (CONTINUED) Censorship Cologne Census Colonialism Central Europe, Art in Columbus, Christopher Ceramics, Pottery, and Porcelain Comenius, Jan Amos Cervantes, Miguel de Commedia dell’Arte Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Commerce and Markets Charity and Poor Relief Communication, Scientific Charles I (England) Communication and Transportation Charles II (England) Comuneros Revolt (1520–1521) Charles VIII (France) Concubinage Charles V (Holy Roman Empire) Condé Family Charles VI (Holy Roman Empire) Condorcet, Marie-Jean Caritat, marquis de Charles II (Spain) Confraternities Charles III (Spain) Constantinople Charles X Gustav (Sweden) Constitutionalism Charles XII (Sweden) Consumption Charles the Bold (Burgundy) Conversos Charleston Copernicus, Nicolaus Charleton, Walter Cornaro Piscopia, Elena Lucrezia Chemistry Corneille, Pierre E U R O P E 1 4 5 0 T O 1 7 8 9 xi
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