Eureka!, science and technology, secondary cycle one : student textbook B

504 Pages·2008·68.731 MB·English

by  Inés Escrivá, Chantal Ouellette, Mary Zarif, Denis Pinsonnault, Trân Khanh-Thanh

Laboratory Instruments and Equipment
Stirring rod and Dropping pipette and
magnetic stir bar dropper bottle
Quad-beam Stopwatch
balance
Graduated cylinder
Round-bottom flask
Dynamometer
Beakers and beaker tongs
Funnel and
Petri dish funnel stand
Cleaning brushes Test tubes,
rubber stoppers,
test-tube stand and
test-tube tongs
Alcohol burner and
wire mesh with stand
Erlenmeyer flasks,
rubber stoppers and
crucible tongs
Wash bottle Litmus paper
Set of weights Hot plate
Slides and
cover glasses Spatula
Safety glasses
Retort stand,
ring clamp and
universal clamp
Microscope
Mortar and pestle Thermometer
Pipettes
Overflow can

Eureka!
Science and Technology • Secondary Cycle One Acknowledgments
The Editor wishes to thank the following consultants for their
Student Textbook B
pedagogical expertise and invaluable collaboration in bringing
Inés Escrivá, Chantal Ouellette, Denis Pinsonnault, Mary Zarif, this work to fruition: Denis Fyfe and Brigitte Loiselle, Centre de
Trân Khanh-Thanh développement pédagogique pour la formation générale en
science et technologie; Annie Huberdeau, Vice-Principal,
© 2008 Les Éditions de la Chenelière Inc. Commission Scolaire (C.S.) dela Rivière-du-Nord; André De
Lafontaine, Teacher, C.S. du Chemin-Du-Roy.
Editor:Annie Fortier
Coordinators:Claire Campeau, Marielle Champagne The Editor wishes to thank the following people for their scientific
Copy Editor:Ginette Gratton revision carried out with expertise and great generosity: Philippe
Proofreader:Renée Bédard Angers, Eng., Service des infrastructures, transport et
Layout:Infoscan Collette, Québec environnement – Wastewater Treatment Plant; Jocelyne Blouin,
Graphic Designer:Infoscan Collette, Québec; Meteorologist;Bertrand Brassard, M.Sc., Coordinator of
Dessine-moi un mouton Educational Services, Musée minéralogique et minier de Thetford
Image Researchers:Marie-Chantal Laforge, Patrick St-Hilaire Mines; Daniel Borcard, Ph.D.Sc., Université de Montréal; Michel
Book Cover Designer:Arto Dokouzian Caillier, Doctorate in Pedology, Université Laval; Pierre Chastenay,
M.Sc., Montréal Planetarium; André Chulak, BFI Canada landfill
English Version
site; Concept Naval Réjean Desgagnés Inc.; Marc Constantin,
Project Manager:Philip Fine
Ph.D.Sc., Université Laval; Marie Lorraine Côté, Laboratory
Copy Editors:Robb Beattie, Sarah Haggard, Michelle Mulder
Technician, C.S. de Montréal; Hélène Crevier, M.Sc.; Daniel
Pedagogical Consultant:Heather Usher, Laurentian Regional High
Dufort, M.Eng., Division Manager, Atwater Plant, City of Montréal;
School, Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board
Serge Gaudard, M.A., Curator, Musée minéralogique et minier de
Proofreaders:Zofia Laubitz, Wendy Scavuzzo
Thetford Mines; Dominic Goulet, Jr. Eng.; Éric Guadagno, M.Sc.
Layout:Transcontinental Transmédia Université de Montréal; Renée Gaudette, horticulturist, Montréal
Printer: Transcontinental Printing Botanical Garden; André Laperrière, Eng., Laboratoire des
technologies de l’énergie de Shawinigan – Institut de recherche
d’Hydro-Québec; Serge Laurendeau, Agence de l’efficacité
énergétique; Richard Martel, Ph.D.Sc., Université de Montréal;
Michel Nepveu; Pierre Payment, Ph.D.Sc., INRS – Institut
Armand-Frappier; Lucie Saint-Germain, Laboratory Technician,
C.S. de la Seigneurie-des-Milles-Îles; Jean-Paul Viaud, Curator,
Exporail Canadian Railway Museum; François Wesemaël,
Ph.D.Sc., Université de Montréal.
We wish to thank the following people in particular for their careful
evaluation and insightful comments during the development of
this collection: Diane Beaulieu, Teacher, C.S. des Découvreurs;
Nadine Demuy, Teacher, C.S. de la Rivière-du-Nord; Caroline
Dubé, Teacher, C.S. de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Îles; Martin Dubé,
Teacher, C.S. de la Seigneurie-des-Milles-Îles; Martin Dugas,
CHENELIÈRE ÉDUCATION Teacher, C.S. de Montréal; Nathalie Flamand, Teacher, C.S. de
laRivière-du-Nord; Mélanie Fortin, Teacher, C.S. de la Capitale;
5800, rue Saint-Denis, bureau 900
Guillaume Gobeil, Teacher, C.S. au Cœur-des-Vallées; Myriam
Montréal (Québec) H2S 3L5 Canada
Téléphone : 514 273-1066 Larue, Educational Consultant, C.S. de la Seigneurie-des-Milles-
Télécopieur : 450 461-3834 ou 1 888 460-3834 Îles; André Hardy, Teacher, C.S. des Trois-Lacs; Mélanie Payant,
[email protected] Teacher, C.S. des Affluents; Mélanie Plante, Teacher, C.S. des
Premières-Seigneuries.
All rights reserved. The Editor wishes to thank the following students for their
generous participation in photo shoots: Catherine Boily, Alexandre
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
Chenel, Joanie Corbey, François Côté Paquet, Jean-Philippe
means without written permission from the Publisher.
d’Aoust, Kevin Del Tejo-Sanchez, Gensom Dos Goncalves,
ISBN 978-2-7652-0287-5 Amélia Gontero, Fajana Haque, Anne Lafortune-Rabbat, Valérie
Laniel, Carolane Lortie, Stéphanie Lovato, Maxime Michaud,
Legal deposit: 2nd quarter 2008
Juan Sebastian Millán Gómez, Myriam Montreuil, Tanfwiq
Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec
Rahimuddin, Dimitri Rateau Valcin, Charles Hugo St-Hilaire,
Library and Archives Canada
Raphaëlle St-Pierre Damini, Sylvia Tran and Vivianne Tran.
Printed in Canada The English team wishes to thank translator Linda Anderson for
           her help with specific engineering terms.
We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of
Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development
Program (BPIDP) for our publishing activities.
These programs are funded by Québec’s Ministère de l’Éducation,
du Loisir et du Sport, through contributions from the Canada-
Québec Agreement on Minority-Language and Second-Language
Instruction.
Chenelière Éducation wishes to thank the Gouvernement du Québec
for the financial support granted through its tax credit program for
book publishing (SODEC).
Foreword
Eureka! invites you on a voyage of discovery into the world of science and
technology. Like the previous textbook in the series, this one offers a unique
opportunity to explore the plant and animal kingdoms, matter and technology.
After completing the activities in Textbook A, you probably realized why it is
important to study science and technology. When you study science, you are
learning about the whole history of scientific thought and procedure that has
evolved over time. You will want to know more and find answers to important
questions, and you will see the world from a whole new perspective. For example,
you will discover that the Universe is expanding, that water is a precious resource,
that it is possible to slow down climate change and that the planet’s resources
are not unlimited.
As you perform the activities in Textbook B, you will notice the progress you are
making. Your interest in nature will grow, and your observation skills will improve.
You will become more comfortable in describing scientific or technological
phenomena and explaining your findings to your classmates. You will learn how
to solve problems based on a specific reasoning and experimentation process.
Gradually, you will learn to follow the same procedure that scientists have
developed and applied in their search for knowledge. This year, you will learn
about some fascinating topics, such as semi-aquatic environments and the water
cycle. You will also be carrying out some very interesting activities, like preparing
a game show on human development and launching your own perfume.
Eureka! lets you study science by taking part in it, instead of just talking about it.
This series might inspire you to pursue a career in science. In any case, you will
have acquired knowledge and skills that you can apply to other fields too. On
behalf of the entire team, I hope this textbook series will help deepen your
understanding of the amazing world that you share with the other living creatures
around you.
Trân Khanh-Thanh
Editorial Director of the Eureka! series
Foreword III
Table of Contents
Textbook Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII Unit 2
The Balance of the Planet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Part 1: The Units
Chapter 1 The Water Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Activity 1 The Movements of Water . . . . . 48
Unit 1 Activity 2 Evaporation
and Transpiration . . . . . . . . . . . 49
The Diversity of Ecosystems: A Treasure . . . . 2
Activity 3 Disturbing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Chapter 1 The Terrarium: An Ecosystem Activity 4 Condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
in Miniature . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Activity 5 The Movements of
Activity 1 Every Creature Has a Name . . . 6 the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Insects: Some Surprising
Activity 6 Why the Difference? . . . . . . . . . 57
Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
A Mountain Range’s Effect
Activity 2 The Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
on Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Activity 3 Make Yourself at Home! . . . . . . 13
Activity 7 The Movement of
Activity 4 A Bug’s Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Water in the Ground . . . . . . . . . 59
The Life Cycle of Insects . . . . . . . 16
After It Rains, What Happens
Activity 5 Weekly Observations . . . . . . . . . 17 to the Water? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Activity 6 Microscopic and Primitive . . . . . 18
Review Activity A Special Supplement . . . 62
Activity 7 Multiple Interrelations . . . . . . . . 19
Review Activity A Research Report . . . . . . 21 Chapter 2 Biking for a Greener Planet . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Activity 1 The World of Levers . . . . . . . . . 65
Chapter 2 The Forest: An Ecosystem
Activity 2 Pedal Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
on a Natural Scale . . . . . . . . . 22
Activity 1 The Forest in My Life . . . . . . . . 24 Activity 3 The Human Body:
A High-Performance Machine . . 70
Activity 2 Forests of the World . . . . . . . . . 25
At Your Own Pace . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Distribution of the
World’s Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Activity 4 A Very Fragile Planet . . . . . . . . 72
Activity 3 Who Lives Here? . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Greenhouse Gases . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Activity 4 Finding the Way Home . . . . . . . 29 Review Activity The Bicycle:
Magnetic North and A User’s Guide . . . . . . . . . 74
Geographic North . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Activity 5 Feeding the Birds . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Chapter 3 Inventing Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Activity 6 Identifying Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Activity 1 The Paper Clip Challenge . . . . . 77
The Unknown Tree . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Activity 2 Archimedes’ Principle . . . . . . . . 79
Activity 7 Discovering Trees . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Activity 3 Don’t Rock the Boat! . . . . . . . . 81
Activity 8 An Oxygen Factory . . . . . . . . . . 36
Activity 4 Steadying the Course . . . . . . . . 83
Activity 9 A Variety of Colours . . . . . . . . . 38
Paper Chromatography . . . . . . . . 40 Review Activity The Wind
in Your Sails . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Review Activity A Forest Story . . . . . . . . . 41
My Discoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 My Discoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Unit 1 Project My First Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Unit 2 Project Necessity Is the Mother of Invention . 88
IV Table of Contents
Unit 3 Activity 2 What Is Soil Used For? . . . . . . . 130
Different Types of Soil . . . . . . . . 131
The Adventure of Living Organisms . . . . . . . . . 90
Activity 3 Thirsty Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Chapter 1 A Fascinating Development . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Activity 4 Too Much Salt in the Soil? . . . . 134
Mineral Salts and Soil . . . . . . . . 136
Activity 1 Reproducing and Evolving . . . . 94
The Cradle of Life . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Activity 5 The World of Rocks . . . . . . . . . 137
Activity 2 Sex Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Activity 6 Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Activity 3 Extracting DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 What Lies Hidden
Activity 4 Puberty Already! . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Underground? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Activity 5 The Cycle of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Review Activity Potted Flowers . . . . . . . . . 141
Review Activity Our Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Chapter 2 Solutions and Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Chapter 2 Healthy Habits for a Healthy Body . . . . . . 102 Activity 1 Preparing Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . 144
Activity 1 A Look at What You Eat . . . . . . 104
Activity 2 Heterogeneous
Activity 2 Canada’s Food Guide . . . . . . . . . 105 or Homogeneous? . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Activity 3 Surprising Saliva . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Heterogeneous Mixtures . . . . . . . 148
Activity 4 Eating Well to Stay Healthy . . . . 109 Activity 3 Separating Mixtures . . . . . . . . . 149
An Overview of the Using Distillation to
Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Extract the Essence
Activity 5 Gateway into the Cell . . . . . . . . 111 of Aromatic Plants . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Activity 6 The Technology
Activity 4 Mixtures in Everyday Life . . . . . 151
behind Our Food . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Review Activity Hidden in a Mixture . . . . 152
Review Activity Camp Cuisine . . . . . . . . . . 115
Chapter 3 Perfume Makes Perfect “Scents” . . . . . . . . 154
Chapter 3 Do Not Enter! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Activity 1 Do You Have Flair? . . . . . . . . . . 156
Activity 1 An STD? What STD? . . . . . . . . . 118
Perfumes of the World . . . . . . . . 158
Activity 2 At the Speed of Light . . . . . . . . 119
Activity 2 Taking Care of Your Nose . . . . . 159
Activity 3 A Baby? Now? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
The Perception of Odours . . . . . . 160
Review Activity The Information
Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Activity 3 A Field Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Activity 4 Extracting a Delicate Flower . . . 162
My Discoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Activity 5 The Birth of a Fragrance . . . . . . 164
The Music of Perfume . . . . . . . . 165
Unit 3 Project It’s My Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Activity 6 A Production Line of Scents . . . 166
Review Activity Perfume: The Work of
Unit 4
a “Nose” . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Creating Your Own Perfume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
My Discoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Chapter 1 Soil: A Priceless Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Activity 1 Is All Soil the Same? . . . . . . . . . 128 Unit Project 4 Launching a New Perfume . . . . . . . . . 169
Table of Contents V
Part 2: Encyclopedia Section 3 Life-Sustaining Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Characteristics of Living
Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
The Material World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
The Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Two Vital Functions of the Cell . . . . . . . . . 284
Section 1 The Properties of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Non-Characteristic Properties
of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 The Earth and Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Characteristic Properties
of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Section 1 General Characteristics of the Earth . . . . . 288
The Earth’s Internal Structure . . . . . . . . . . 290
Section 2 Transformation of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
The Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Physical Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
The Atmosphere: A Protective Envelope . . 292
Chemical Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
The Hydrosphere: The Distribution of
Conservation of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Water on the Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Pure Substances and Mixtures . . . . . . . . . 195 The Lithosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Section 3 Organization of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Section 2 Geological Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
The Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 The Earth in Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
The Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Volcanoes: The Wrath of Vulcan . . . . . . . . 322
The Molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Earthquakes: When the Earth Trembles . . 325
Orogenesis: Mountain Formation . . . . . . . 328
Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
The Living World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
The Water Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Section 1 The Diversity of Life Forms . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Winds: Aeolus’ Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Natural Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Habitat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Section 3 Astronomical Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Section 2 Reproduction of Living Organisms . . . . . . 238 The Law of Universal Gravitation . . . . . . . 351
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction . . . . . . . 240 The Birth of the Solar System . . . . . . . . . 352
Reproduction in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 The Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Reproduction in Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 The Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Reproduction in Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
VI Table of Contents