Eurasian Preshistory 5,2 (2007), Dating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Boundary Across Eurasia

110 Pages·2007·2.33 MB·English

by  Ofer Bar-Yosef

Joris, O., D. S. Adler
(Guest Editors)
2008

Dating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Boundary Across Eurasia

a special issue of
the Eurasian Prehistory
2007, 5 (2).
Eurasian Prehistory
Vol.5, No.2. 2008

Contents

Adler, D. S., and O. Jöris. 2008. Dating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Boundary Across Eurasia.
In Dating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Boundary Across Eurasia, edited by O. Jöris and D. S.
Adler, a special issue of the Eurasian Prehistory 2007, 5(2): 5–18.
Bolus, Michael, and Nicholas J. Conard. 2008. What can we say about the spatial-temporal
distribution of early Aurignacian innovations? In Dating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Boundary
Across Eurasia, edited by O. Jöris and D. S. Adler, a special issue of the Eurasian Prehistory 2007,
5(2): 19–29.
Subils, Joaquim Soler, Masferrer, Narcís Soler, and Julià Maroto. 2008. L ’Arbreda’s Archaic
Aurignacian dates clarified. In Dating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Boundary Across Eurasia,
edited by O. Jöris and D. S. Adler, a special issue of the Eurasian Prehistory 2007, 5(2): 45–55.
Fernández, Esteban Álvarez, and Olaf Jöris. 2008. Personal ornaments in the Early Upper Paleolithic
of Western Eurasia: an evaluation of the record. In Dating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Boundary
Across Eurasia, edited by O. Jöris and D. S. Adler, a special issue of the Eurasian Prehistory 2007,
5(2): 31–44. 2008.
de Quiros, Federico Bernaldo, Maillo, Jose Manuel, and Ana Neira. 2008. The place of unit 18 of El
Castillo Cave in the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition. In Dating the Middle to Upper
Palaeolithic Boundary Across Eurasia, edited by O. Jöris and D. S. Adler, a special issue of
the Eurasian Prehistory 2007, 5(2): 57–71.
Lengyel, György, and Zsolt Mester. 2008. A new look at the radiocarbon chronology of the Szeletian
in Hungary. InDating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Boundary Across Eurasia, edited by O. Jöris
and D. S. Adler, a special issue of the Eurasian Prehistory 2007, 5(2): 73–83.
Elefanti, Paraskevi, Panagopoulou, Eleni and Panagiotis Karkanas. 2008. The transition from the
Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in the Southern Balkans: the evidence from the Lakonis I Cave,
Greece. In Dating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Boundary Across Eurasia, edited by O. Jöris and
D. S. Adler, a special issue of the Eurasian Prehistory 2007, 5(2): 85–95.
Kuzmin, Yaroslav V. 2008. The Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in Siberia: chronological and
environmental aspects. In Dating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Boundary Across Eurasia, edited
by O. Jöris and D. S. Adler, a special issue of the Eurasian Prehistory 2007, 5(2): 97–108.
Lbova, Ludmila V. 2008. Chronology and paleoecology of the Early Upper Paleolithic in the
Transbaikal region (Siberia). In Dating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Boundary Across Eurasia,
edited by O. Jöris and D. S. Adler, a special issue of the Eurasian Prehistory 2007, 5(2): 109–114.
Eura sian Pre hist ory, 5 (2): 109–114.
CHRON OLO GY AND PALEOECOLOGY OF THE EARLY
UPP ER PALEOLITHIC IN THE TRANSBAIKAL REG ION
(SI BE RIA)
Ludmila V. Lbova
In sti tute of Ar chae ol ogy and Eth nog ra phy, Si be rian Branch of the Rus sian Acad emy of Sci ences,
Lavrentiev Ave, 17, Novosibirsk 630090, RUS SIA; [email protected]
Ab stract
This pap er prese nts curr ent chronometric data on the Midd le to Upp er Paleolithic trans it ion in the Transbaikal and
Mong ol ia. The app lic at ion of natu r al scie nce metho ds and abs ol ute dati ng techn iques at a var ie ty of Paleol ithic sites in
these reg ions ind ic ate that the earl ie st evi d ence for early mode rn cult ure dates to app roxi m ately 40,000 14C BP.
IN TRO DUC TION MA TE RI ALS AND METH ODS
The re gion un der in ves ti ga tion is lo cated in a Within the Transb aik al reg ion more than 100
con tact zone of dif fer ent land scape ar eas in north - ab so lute dates are availa ble for Up per Pa leo lithic
ern and cen tral Asia (Fig.1). The ter ri tory is situ- as semb lages, based on tra di tional as well as new
ated within the limi ts of the Mongolian- Siberian dat ing tech niques (e.g., 14C, RTL, thermo-gravi-
folded moun tain belt, and the env ir onm ent (geo- metry) (Or lova et al., 2005; Lbova et al., 2003).
logi cal struc ture, re lief, cli mate, wa ters, bi ota, and Techno- typological and plani graphic char ac ter is-
lands capes) diff ers greatly (Lbova, 2000). The tics rep re sen ta tive of Early Up per Pa leo lithic
Transbaikal re gion is char ac ter ized by a comb i na - (hereaf ter EUP) as semb lages in the Trans bai kal
tion of mount ain ridges, smoothed wat ers heds, have been pres ented elsew here (Lbova, 2000,
and int er moun tain bas ins, orie nted in a north-e ast 2002; Lbova et al., 2003). This pap er att empts to
dir ect ion. In gene ral the mount ains occ upy a high- pro vide re li able age es ti mates of ar chaeo logi cal
alt it ude belt of 800–1,300 m above sea level. com plexes based on abs ol ute and relat ive dat ing
The re gion is viewed as the east ern most ter ri - tech niques. As of early 2006, there were 105 pub-
tory where Up per Pa leo lithic tech no com plexes lished 14C dates for the Pa leo lithic and Meso lithic
app ear quite early, and its chron olo gy is also rele- com plexes in the Transb aik al, and 42 14C dates
vant for adj ac ent reg ions. While the Transb aik al for Pa leo lithic and Meso lithic sites in Mon go lia.
Up per Pa leo lithic sites are rather nu mer ous In this dat as et, 44 dates are as so cia ted with cul -
(Lbova, 2000, 2002), it is so far diff ic ult to es ti- tural ma te ri als de fined by re search ers as EUP. 14C
mate the beg inn ing of this epo ch due to the lack of dates have been mainly obt ained in Russ ia by the
re liab ly dated se quences and the ab sence of a de - tra di tional liq uid scin til la tion count ing method
tailed technological or ty pologi cal analy sis of the (labor at or ies: SOAN, LE, GIN, IEM EG), and by
in dus tries. the ac cel era tor mass spec trome try (AMS) method
(labo ra to ries: AA, RIDDL) (Or lova et al., 2005)
(Ta ble 1).
110 L.V. Lbova
Fig. 1. Sib e ria with the Transbaikal re gion dis cussed in this pa per high lighted in gray
The main ma te ri als dated at the Pa leo lithic ident if ied (Lbova, 2000). The chron olo gy of layer
sites of the Transb aik al were anim al bone (n = 49) 3 (EUP) is det er mined based on two AMS dates,
and char coal (n = 42); hum ic aci ds (2%) were also >34,050 14C BP (AA-8875A) and >35,300 14C
dated. The RTL dati ng method was app lied at BP (AA-8893A) (Goeb el and Aks enov, 1995),
sev eral sites, how ever, the meth odo logi cal prin ci- that are simil ar to the ear lier est im ate of 34,900 ±
pals of the RTL tech nique re main un clear. There - 780 14C BP (SB RAS-1 524). For the overl y ing
fore we rely on the res ults of 14C dat ing. layer 2 the new date of 29,895 ± 1,790 14C BP (SB
Kamenka, one of the EUP sites in Sib er ia, RAS- 3054) is simil ar to the ear lier es tim ate of
corr es ponds to the Midd le to Upp er Pal eol ithic 30,600 ± 500 14C BP (SB RAS-8 50). Like wise,
tran sit ion or to the beg inn ing of the Upp er Pa leo- the new date for layer 1 (17,035 ± 400 14C BP; SB
lithic, based on abs ol ute dates and on techno- RAS-3 053) (Lbova, 2000) corr es ponds to the
typological analys is (Lbova, 2000; Lbova et al., midd le part of the Upp er Pal eol ithic (Tab le 1).
2003). Availa ble dates are: 26,760 ± 265 14C BP The Podzvonkaya site has prod uced dates of
(SB RAS-3 353), 30,220 ± 270 14C BP (SB RAS- 22,675 ± 265 14C BP (SB RAS-3350), 26,000 ±
3 052), 30,460 ± 430 14C BP (SB RAS- 3354), 920 14C BP (SB RAS-3404), 38,900 ± 3,300 14C
31,060 ± 530 14C BP (SB RAS-3 133), 35,845 ± BP (AA-26741), >36,800 14C BP (AA-26742),
695 14C BP (SB RAS-2 904), and 40,500 ± 3,800 35,180 ± 1,100 14C BP (SB RAS-4122), 36,900 ±
14C BP (AA-26743) (Ta ble 1). The varia tion of 1,300 14C BP (SB RAS-4123), and 37,000 ± 200
dates is wide, howe ver, they clus ter be tween (SB RAS-4447), and 43,900 ± 960 14C BP (SB
31,000–30,000 14C BP and 40,000–35,000 14C RAS-4445). The wide varia t ion of 14C ages is ev i-
BP. Based upon stra tigraphic data the older age dent, but the in ves ti ga tor pre fers to es ti mate its
range is pref erred (Lbova, 2000) (Tab le 1). age at 44,000–35,000 14C BP (Tashak, 2002) (Ta-
The site of Varv arina Gora, def ined in the ble 1).
1970s as cont aini ng an ind ust ry with both Midd le The Khot yk site, lo cated in the Transb aik al,
and Up per Pa leo lithic elem ents, now seems to cont ains a stratif ied seq uence with both Midd le
rep re sent a more comp lex pic ture comp ared with and Upp er Pa leol ithic com plexes (Lbova, 2000).
that pres ented by Okl adn ikov and Kirill ov (1980). The EUP com plex of layer 3 has a date of 28,770
In par ticu lar, three dif fer ent oc cu pa tions were ± 245 14C BP (SD RAS-5 082) (Tab le 1), and layer
Early Up per Pal eol ithic in the Trans baik al Reg ion 111
Ta ble 1
Chronometrically dated sites from the Transbaikal reg ion disc ussed in this pap er
Site and
Layer Lab Code Sam ple 14C RTL
publication
1 GIN SB RAS-242 Sand 22,000 ± 2,500
2 AA-32669 Char coal 26,220 ± 550
AA-60266 Bone 32,700 ± 1,400
GIN SB RAS-241 Sand 26,000 ± 3,000
GIN SB RAS-245 Sand 27,000 ± 3,000
GIN SB RAS-155 Sand 32,000 ± 4,600
GIN SB RAS-243 Sand 45,000 ± 6,800*
GIN SB RAS-153 Sand 49,000 ± 7,000*
Khotyk
GIN SB RAS-154 Sand 56,000 ± 4,000*
(Lbova et al.,
3 SD RAS-5082 Bone 28,770 ± 245
2003;
AA-60267 Bone 38,200 ± 2,800
Kuzmin et al.,
4 AA-60613 Bone 35,100 ± 1,500
2006)
GIN SB RAS-244 Sand 34,000 ± 6,000
GIN SB RAS-235 Sand 63,000 ± 9,500
GIN SB RAS-246 Sand 65,000 ± 8,000
GIN SB RAS-236 Sand 70,000 ± 13,000
5 AA-60614 Bone >38,700
GIN SB RAS-239 Sand 85,000 ± 9,000
GIN SB RAS-157 Sand 91,000 ± 3,000
GIN SB RAS-237 Sand 98,000 ± 12,000
Varvarina 1 SB RAS-3053 Bone 17,035 ± 400
Gora (Orlova, 2 SB RAS-3054 Bone 29,895 ± 1,790
1995, 1998; SB RAS-850 Bone 30,600 ± 500
Gobel & 3 SB RAS-1524 Bone 34,900 ± 780
Aksenov,1993; AA-8875 Bone > 34,050
Lbova, 2000) AA-8893A Bone > 35,300
A SB RAS-3353 Char coal 26,760 ± 265
SB RAS-3354 Bone 30,460 ± 430
SB RAS-3133 Bone 31,060 ± 530
SB RAS-2904 Bone 35,845 ± 695
Kamenka
B AA-26743 Bone 40,500 ± 3,800
(Orlova, 1998;
SB RAS-3031 Bone 24,625 ± 190
Lbova, 2000)
SB RAS-3355 Bone 25,540 ± 300
SB RAS-2903 Bone 28,060 ± 475
SB RAS-3032 Bone 28,815 ± 150
C SB RAS-3052 Bone 30,220 ± 270
3 SB RAS-810 Bone 15,100 ± 520
Tolbaga 4 AA-8874 Bone 25,200 ± 260
(Orlova, 1998; SB RAS-3078 Bone 26,900 ± 225
Gobel, 1993) SB RAS-1523 Bone 27,210 ± 300
SB RAS-1522 Bone 34,860 ± 2,100
2\3 SB RAS-3350 Bone 22,675 ± 265
1\2 SB RAS-3404 Bone 26,000 ± 920
3 AA-26741 Bone 38,900 ± 3,300
Podzvonkaya 2.d SB RAS-4122 Bone 35,180 ± 1,100
(Tashak, 2002) AA-26742 Bone > 36,800
SB RAS-4123 Bone 36,900 ± 1,300
SB RAS-4445 Bone 43,900 ± 960
SB RAS-4447 Bone 37,100 ± 200
Lab codes are AA: Uni ver sity of Ar i zona, Tuc son, AZ, USA; GIN SD RAS: Geo log i cal In sti tu tion of Si be rian Branch of the
Rus sian Acad emy of Sci ences; SB RAS: Sib e rian Branch of the Rus sian Acad emy of Sci ence, Novosibirsk, Rus sia; SD RAS: In -
stit ute of Geo lo gy and Mine ra lo gy of Si ber ian Branch of the Russ ian Acade my of Scie nces. “Sand” ref ers to the quartz grains an -
al yzed by RTL. *These sam ples may contain older quartz grains, poss ib ly de rived from diluvial slope dep osi ts
112 L.V. Lbova
4 has a RTL date of 34,000 ± 6000 BP (GIN per iod (60,000–55,000 to 28,000–25,000 BP) a
RTL
SB RAS- 244). Mid dle Pa leo lithic ar ti facts from pedoc om plex is al loc ated from two to five zones
lay ers 5 and 6 inc lude ort hogon al cores, side scra- of soil gene sis, with vari ous char ac ter is tics of
pers, points, and flakes. Based on geoarc haeo logi - each form at ion. In warmer and less hum id cond i-
cal data, this comp lex may be placed within the tions of the midd le Karg ini an per iod (40,000–
early Karg ini an, and corr es ponds to the chrono - 35,000 BP) soils chara ct eri st ic for the steppe
logic al int erv al of 60,000–40,000 years ago landscapes were formed, simil ar to the mod ern
(Lbova et al., 2003). EUP art if acts from lay ers 3 steppe types in the Transb ai kal. The earl ie st EUP
and 4 inc lude blade cores, points, carin ated scrap- com plexes (Kamenka A, Kho tyk lay ers 3 and 4,
ers, bur ins, and evid ence of symb olic beh avi or. Podzv onkaya layer 3) corr es pond to this time in-
New AMS dates for the Kho tyk site are: layer 5: ter val.
38,700 14C BP (AA-6 0614), layer 4: 35,100 ± The form at ion of soil hor iz ons within the cul-
1,500 14C BP (AA-6 0613), layer 3: 38,200 ± tural comp lexes (e.g., Var varina Gora layer 2;
2,800 14C BP (AA-6 0267), and layer 2: 32,700 ± Tolb aga, Khot yk layer 2; Kamenka B; etc.) dur-
1,400 14C BP (AA-6 0266). We est i mate the age of ing the seco nd half of the Karg ini an pe riod
EUP comp lex of layer 3 at Khot yk site to ca. (33,000–30,000 to 28,000–25,000 BP) occ urred
38,000 14C BP (Kuz min et al., 2006) (Tab le 1). in mode ra tely hum id and warm cond it ions of for-
Thus, the dat ing of Pa leo lithic sites in col lu - est-steppes and steppes, with rela tively arid cli -
vial de pos its in the Trans bai kal re mains a real mate con di tions; pa leo soils simi lar to mod ern
prob lem. For ex am ple, the in ver sion of 14C dates cher no zem domi nated (Lbova et al., 2003).
at Kho tyk in layer 4 (35,100 ± 1,500 14C BP; Paly no logi cal spec tra high light the re turn of
AA-6 0613) and layer 3 (38,200 ± 2,800 14C BP; for est for ma tions, with coni fers, in par ticu lar pine
AA-6 0267) may be exp lained by the rel oc at ion of and birch light fore sts domin ati ng (birch with an
bone by post-d epositional cryog enic act iv ity as ad mix ture of broad leaf spe cies such as elm, ald er,
evi denced by ice- wedge struc tures at the con tact and haz el; and meadow ass oc ia tions). Pol len data
bet ween lay ers 3 and 4, rod ent bur rowi ng, and and the char ac ter of mam mali an fauna at vari ous
site dist urb ance by digg ing stora ge pits from layer lo cali ties of the West ern Trans bai kal in di cate a
2 downw ards. mo saic land scape.
The mam mal ian fau nal com po si tion in di cates
steppe and fore st steppe land scapes. The fol low-
PALAEOENVIRONMENT
ing spec ies are domin ant in the EUP cult ural com-
Study of key geoarc haeol ogic al sect ions plexes: horse (Equus cab al lus), Mon go lian ga-
makes it pos si ble to re con struct the en vi ron mental zelle (Pro ca pra gut tu rosa), woolly rhin oce ros
con di tions of Pa leo lithic hu man oc cu pa tions and (Coe lo donta an tiq ui ta tus), and wild sheep (Ovis
to build a gen eral geoar chaeo logi cal scheme for am mon). Other spec ies, such as woolly mamm oth
the main de velo p ment al stages of na ture and hu- (Mam mut hus primi gen ius), kul an (Equus hemio-
man cul ture. It is nec es sary to note that the maj or - nus), gia nt deer (Mega loceros gi gan teus), an te-
ity of the sites ment ioned above were studi ed by a lope (Spi roceros kiakhten sis), large bull (Bi son
va ri ety of natural- scientific dis ci plines, the re sults pris cus or Bos primi gen ius, or Poepha gus bai ka-
of which are conf irmed by the dati ng metho ds. In len sis), camel (Came lus sp.), lion (Pan tera leo),
the Up per Pleis to cene, at sites in the weste rn wolf (Canis lup us), steppe fox (Vulpes cors ac),
Transbaikal (Khot yk, Kamenka, Varvarina Gora), and hare (Le pus sp.) are also pres ent (de ter min a -
cli matic fluc tua tions were es tab lished. For the tions of M. Germ onp re and A. Klem entyev).
Zyrya nka per iod (90,000–60,000 BP) palyn ol ogi -
cal data in di cates an open tree less land scape rep -
CON CLU SIONS
res ented by steppe form at ions. At the end of the
Zyry anka stage and the beg inn ing of the Karg in- In rec ent years, we have disc ov ered and ex -
ian stage there were char ac ter is tic con di tions with am ined a new se ries of Mid dle and Early Upp er
cool and arid cli mate and semi-d esert land scapes. Pal eol ithic sites in the Transb aik al reg ion (Lbova,
It is nece ss ary to note that duri ng the Karg ini an 2005). Geoar chaeo logi cal meth ods, em ployed
Early Up per Pal eol ithic in the Trans baik al Reg ion 113
with the in tent to elabo rate de tailed lo cal chro nos - Acad emy of Sci ences, Pro gram No. 21.1, Pro ject 1.5.;
tra tigraphic and cultural- historical schemes, have In te gra tion Pro ject SD RAS No. 7.3; Rus sian Found a -
led to the iden ti fi ca tion of chrono logi cally di ver- tion for Ba sic Sci ences (RFFI, No. 06-06-80108); and
Rus sian Foun da tion for Hu man i ties (RGNF, No.
gent sites in the southe rn Transb aik al. The pre-
06-01-00527 and 07-01-00417).
limin ary org ani za tional scheme of the Transb ai-
kal Midd le and EUP in dust ries sugg ests the
ex is tence of sev eral tech no logi cal trends. The REF ER ENCES
EUP of the Transb aik al is repr es ented by two
DEREVIANKO, A. P. 2001. The Mid dle to Up per Pa-
tech no logi cal trends, the pre domi nant one be ing leolithic trans it ion in the Altai (Mong ol ia and Sib e-
based on blade prod uct ion, and the seco n dary one ria). Ar chae ol ogy, Eth nol ogy & An thro pol ogy of
bei ng based on other red uct ion strateg ies (e.g., or- Eur asia 2/3, 70–103.
thogon al cores and flake-t ools). The patt ern is DEREVIANKO, A. P. (ed i tor) 2005. The Mid dle to
less clear and more varia ble duri ng the Midd le Pa- Up per Paleolithic Tran si tion in Eur asia: Hy poth e -
leo lithic. In our view, there is lit tle if any con ti nu - ses and Facts. In sti tute of Ar chae ol ogy and Eth nog -
ra phy Press, Novosibirsk.
ity be tween the Midd le and the Upp er Pa leo lithic
DEREVIANKO, A. P., SHUNKOV M. V. 2004. For -
as sem blages. Gen er ally, cul tural com plexes as so -
mat ion of the Upp er Paleolithic tra dit ions in Altai.
ci ated with Ana tomi cally Mod ern Hu mans ap-
Ar chae ol ogy, Eth nol ogy & An thro pol ogy of Eur asia
peared in the Transb aik al reg ion around 40,000
5/3, 12–40.
14C BP (e.g., Kamenka, Var varina Gora layer 3, GOEBEL T., AKSENOV M. 1995. Ac cel er a tor ra dio -
Khot yk laye rs 3 and 4, Podzvonkaya). carb on dati ng of the init ial Upp er Palaeol ithic in
How ever, the Up per Pa leo lithic com plexes in south east Si be ria. An tiq uity, 69, 349–357.
the Transb aik al may be even older (43,900– KUZMIN, Y. V. 2004. Or i gin of Up per Paleolithic in
38,200 14C BP) as sug gested by the re cent 14C dat - Si be ria: Geoarchaeological per spec tive. In: The
ing of the Podzv onkaya site and Khot yk (Tashak, Early Up per Paleolithic be yond West ern Eu rope,
ed ited by P. J. Brantingham, S. L. Kuhn and K. W.
2002; Va sil’ev et al., 2002; Kuz min et al., 2006).
Kerry, pp. 196–206. Uni ver sity of Cal i for nia Press,
The ap pear ance of art at this time in the Trans bai -
Berke ley & Los An geles.
kal (e.g., Khot yk, Kamenka-A, Podzvonkaya),
KUZMIN Y.V., LBOVA L.V., JULL T. A. J., CRUZ
the evid ence for rit ual act iv ity (e.g., Khot yk) and
R. J. 2006. The Midd le-to-Up per-Paleolithic trans i-
the rec ent disc ove ry of a rich non-utilitarian as- tion in Transbaikal, Sib er ia: The Khotyk site chro-
semb lage at Denis ova Cave (Al tai Moun tains, nol ogy and ar chae ol ogy. Cur rent Re search 23, 23–
southe rn Sib er ia) dated to about 37,000 14C BP 26
(Dere vi anko and Shun kov, 2004), in di cates the LBOVA, L. V. 2000. Paleolit Severnoi Zony Zapad-
orig in of symb olic beh avi or in Sib er ia much ear - nogo Zabaikalya [Paleolithic of the North ern Zone
lier than was prev io usly thought. of Weste rn Transbaikal]. Izdatelstvo Buriatskogo
Nauchnogo Tsentra Sibirskogo Otdeleniya Rossiis-
Derev ia nko (2001) and Kuzm in (2004) arg ue
koi Akademii Nauk, Ulan-Ude.
that Midd le and Up per Pa leo lithic sites co-e xisted
LBOVA, L. V. 2002. The Tran si tion from the Mid dle
in Si ber ia for a long per iod of time, from about
to Upp er Paleolithic in the weste rn Transbaikal. Ar-
43,000–27,000 14C BP. Obv io usly, more work
chae ol ogy, Eth nol ogy & An thro pol ogy of Eur asia
needs to be done in ord er to bett er und ers tand the 3/1, 59–75.
chrono logi cal and ar chaeo logi cal pat terns of this LBOVA, L. V. 2005. The Midd le Paleolithic in the
proc ess, as rec ently shown in the disc uss ion of Transbaikal: Facts and hyp oth e ses. In: Paleoliti-
Euras ian reco rds on the Mid dle to Upp er Pa leo- cheskie Kultury Zabaikalya i Mongolii: Novye
lithic trans it ion and the orig in of the Upp er Pa leo- Fakty, Metody i Gipotezy, ed ited by L. V. Lbova,
pp. 17–29. Izdatelstvo Instituta Arkheologii i Etno-
lithic (Dere vi anko, 2005).
grafii Sibirskogo Otdeleniya Rossiiskoi Akademii
Nauk, Novosibirsk.
Ac knowl edg ments
LBOVA L.V., REZANOV I.N., KALMIKOV N.P.,
I am grate ful to Drs. L. A. Orlova, Y. V. Kuzmin, KOLOMIETZ V.L., SAVINOVA V.V., DERGA-
and A. V. Perevalov (Russ ia), and Dr. A. J. T. Jull CHEVA M.I., FEDENEVA I.N., VOLKOV P.V.,
(USA) for samp le pre treat ment and dat ing. This study BAZAROV B.A., NAMSARAEV D.V. 2003.
was par tially supp orted by grants from the Rus sian Chelovek i prirodnaya sreda v Neopleistcene zapad-
114 L.V. Lbova
nogo Zabaikalya i yogo-vostochnogo Pribaikalya. pp. 88–92. Izdatelstvo Instituta Arkheologii i Etno-
[The Man and En vi ron ment al in Neoplestocene on grafii Sibirskogo Otdeleniya Rossiiskoi Akademii
west Zabaikalye and south-east Pribaikalye]. Izda- Nauk, Novosibirsk.
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