ETHOPHARMACOLOGY OF AGONISTIC BEHAVIOUR IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS TOPICS IN THE NEUROSCIENCES Neuronal Control of Bodily Function: Basic and Clinical Aspects R. Rahamimoff and B. Katz, eds.: Calcium, Neuronal Function and Transmitter Release. ISBN 0-89838-791-4. R.C.A. Frederickson, ed.: Neuroregulation of Autonomic, Endocrine and Immune Systems. ISBN 0-89838-800-7. A. Giuditta, B.B. Kaplan and C. Zomzely-Neurath, eds.: Role of RNA and DNA in Brain Function - A Molecular Biological Approach. ISBN 0-89838-814-7. T. Stober, K. Schimrigk, D. Ganten and nG. Sherman, eds.: Central Nervous System Control of the Heart. ISBN 0-89838-820-1. 1.1. Kelly, Jr., R.A. Kyle and N. Latov: Polyneuropathies Associated with Plasma Cell Dyscrasias. ISBN 0-89838-884-8. H. Galjaard, H.ER. Prechtl and M. Velickovic, eds.: Early Detection and Manage ment of Cerebral Palsy. ISBN 0-89838-890-2. B. Olivier, 1. Mos and P.E Brain, eds.: Ethopharmacology of Agonistic Behaviour in Animals and Humans. ISBN 0-89838-972-0. Ethopharmacology of Agonistic Behaviour in Animals and Humans edited by B. OLIVIER Department of Pharmacology, Duphar Bo V, Weesp, The Netherlands J. MOS Department of Pharmacology, Duphar Bo Vo, Weesp, The Netherlands P.F. BRAIN Department of Zoology, University College of Swansea, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom 1987 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS II. a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP .. DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LANCASTER Distributors for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358, USA for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited, Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAI lRN, UK for all other countries: Kluwcr Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Ethopharmacology of agonistic behaviour in animals and humans. (Topics in the neurosciences) 1. Agonistic behavior in animals. 2. Aggressiveness (Psychology) 3. Psychopharmacology. I. Olivier, Berend. II. Mos, J. (Jan) III. Brain, Paul F. IV. Title: Ethopharmacology of agonistic behavior in animals and humans. V. Series. QL758.5.E85 1987 155.2'32 87~22089 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8009-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-3359-0 DOT: 10.1007/978-94-009-3359-0 Copyright © 1987 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1987 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht, The Netherlands. v Preface . Aggression research is in a rapid state of development. The accelerating knowledge of neurotransmitter systems in the brain, their behavioural functions and the development of drugs which may specifically affect systems related to attack and defence is fruitfully combined with studies in which basic ethological observation and quantification techniques are used more routinely. Moreover, much of the experimental effort has finally applied some order to the initial chaos which afflicted the various experimental aggression models used in pharmacological, physiological and ethological research. This highly desirable trend not only leads to a better understanding of the phenomena studied and the terminologies employed, but it increases our awareness of the multiplicity of factors that are important, making it difficult to allow over hasty and simple generalizations. This book is a compilation of studies presented at the International Society for Research on Aggression meeting in Chicago 1986, in which leading investigators were invited to cover aspects of ethopharmacological aggression research in a wide variety of species, including studies on humans. The level to which ethological techniques have been incorporated into the various areas of research differs, as well as the knowledge and understanding of the neurotransmitter and experimental drug action on brain functioning in mammalian species. This naturally results in data which are not always easy to compare or to extrapolate between species but useful indicators are starting to emerge. In this book the emphasis in the different chapters either lies on developments in behavioural studies or on pharmacological actions, as these basis, sciences are cornerstones to breakthroughs in the multidisciplinary assessment of aggression and its physiological bases. Developments in behavioural studies focus around experimental aggression models in humans and the importance of factors such as social status and cooperation. Other aspects emphasize the influence of frustration, flight and defense strategies and adaptive reactions to novelty or defeat to our understanding of conflict behaviour. Intriguing pharmacological aspects dealt with include the renewed interest in the effects of alcohol on aggression - in relation to hormones, degree of domestication and perinatal effects. The conflicting data on the benzodiazepines is also presented which clearly outlines the strength of the ethological approach. Interactions by recently-discovered drugs with serotonin receptors, and animal studies with clinically-used drugs point to an urgent need for integration between animal and human data. The above distinction between emphases on behavioural and/or pharmacological topics does not imply a sparcity of attempts to integrate animal and human findings and delineate future areas of research. One can perhaps maintain that this volume strongly suggests that consideration should be given to the way in which we apply ethological considerations to the analysis of laboratory situations. This book suggests that interesting areas will emerge at interfaces between neuroscience and behaviour which need careful ethopharmacological study to gain an understanding of adaptive aggression as well as to control pathological aggression. The organization of the symposium and the preparation of this book were greatly aided by contributions in funds and time from Duphar B.V. (Weesp, The Netherlands). The efficient help of Mrs. Marijke Mulder was invaluable in giving this book its present typographical layout. We are also greatly indebted to Dr.Paul Bevan for providing us with the means to produce this volume. Berend Olivier, Jan Mos, Paul F.Brain. VII TABLE OF CONTENTS EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF SOCIAL AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR Frustration, aggression and drugs R.Dantzer Pharmacological aspects of social cooperation B.D.Berger and R.Schuster 14 Ethopharmacology of hypothalamic aggression in the rat M.R.Kruk, A.M. Van der Poel, J.H.C.M.Lammers, Th.Hagg, A.M.D.M. De Hey and S.Oostwegel 33 FLIGHT, DEFENCE AND ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES Ethopharmacology of flight behaviour A.K.Dixon and H.P.Kaesermann 46 Situational-dependence and differential mediation of analgesic reactions to conspecific attack in mice R.J.Rodgers and J.I.Randall 80 ETHOPHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF AGGRESSION IN MICE Studies contrasting drug effects on reproduction induced agonistic behaviour in male and female mice H. Yoshimura 94 The utility of ethological assessments of murine agonistic interactions in behavioural teratology: the foetal alcohol syndrome P.F.Brain, J.S.Ajarem and V.V.Petkov 110 Ethopharmacological and neuropharmacological analyses of agonistic behaviour V.P.Poshivalov 122 ETHOPHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF AGGRESSION IN RATS Psychopharmacology of social play J.Panksepp, L.Normansell, J.F.Cox, L.J.Crepeau and D.S.Sacks 132 The relationship between ethanol and aggression: studies using ethological models R.J.Blanchard and D.C.Blanchard 145 Serotonergic modulation of agonistic behaviour B.Olivier, J .Mos, J. v .d.Heyden, J .Schipper, M. Tulp, B.Berkelmans and Paul Bevan 162 Pro-aggressive actions of benzodiazepines J.Mos and B.Olivier 187 VIII ETHOPHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF AGGRESSION AND DOMINANCE IN MONKEYS Serotonin, social behaviour, and aggression in vervet monkeys M.T.McGuire and M.J.Raleigh 207 Alcohol effects on the aggressive behaviour of squirrel monkeys and mice are modulated by testosterone J.T.Winslow, J.F.DeBold and K.A.Miczek 223 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF HUMAN AGGRESSION Psychopharmacology of human aggression: laboratory studies D.R.Cherek and J.L.Steinberg 245 Psychopharmacology of aggression in humans M.H.Sheard 257 Index 267 IX CONTRIBUTORS Berger, Barry D. Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 31999, Israel Co-author: Richard Schuster Blanchard, Robert J. Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96844, U.S.A. Co-author: D. Caroline Blanchard Brain, Paul F. Biomedical and Physiological Research Group, Biological Sciences, University College of Swansea, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom Co-authors: Jamaan S. Ajarem and Vesselin V. Petkov Cherek, Don R. Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University, School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA 71115, U.S.A. Co-author: Joel L. Steinberg Dantzer, Robert INRA-INSERM U259, Rue Camille St.Saens, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France Dixon, A. Keith Sandoz Research Institute Berne Ltd., Postbox 2173, 3001 Berne, Switzerland Co-author: Hans-Peter Kaesermann Kruk, M.R. Ethopharmacology Group, Dept. of Pharmacology, Sylvius Laboratories, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands Co-authors: A.M. Van der Poel, J.H.C.M. Lammers, Th. Hagg, A.M.D.M. De Hey and S. Oostwegel McGuire, Michael T. Department of Psychiatry-Biobehavioral Sciences School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, U.S.A. Co-author: Michael J. Raleigh Mos, Jan Dept. of Pharmacology, Duphar B.V., P.O. Box 2, 1380 AA Weesp, The Netherlands Co-author: Berend Olivier Olivier, Berend Dept. of Pharmacology, Duphar B.V., P.O. Box 2, 1380 AA Weesp, The Netherlands Co-authors: Jan Mos, Jan van der Heyden, Jacques Schipper, Martin Tulp, Bas Berkelmans and Paul Bevan x Panksepp, Jaak Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, U.S.A. Co-authors: Larry Normansell, James F. Cox, Loring J. Crepeau and David S. Sacks Poshivalov, Vladimir P. Division of Pharmacology, Pavlov Medical Institute, Leningrad 197089, U.S.S.R. "Rodgers, R. John Pharmacoethology Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 IDP, United Kingdom Co-author: Jill I. Randall Sheard, Michael H. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, C1 06508, U.S.A. Winslow, James T. Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, U.S.A. Co-authors: Joseph F. DeBold and Klaus A. Miczek Yoshimura, H. Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime 791-802, Japan FRUSTRATION, AGGRESSION AND DRUGS Robert Dantzer. INRA~INSERM U259, Rue Camille St-Saens, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France. INTRODUCTION Frustration is a hypothetical central state elicited by the om1SS10n of an expected reward or an inability to reach a desired goal because of some physical or psychological obstacle in the environment. It is generally believed that frustration leads to violence. For example, if my dog tries to bite me when I attempt to remove its food, one may assume that it is frustrated. In the same manner, a common theme in the media is that the present rebellion in South Africa townships finds its roots in frustration engendered by many years of apartheid. The concept of a causal relationship between frustration and aggression was formalized in a very influential book written by Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer and Sears in 1939. This concept inspired an extensive series of studies conducted mainly during the sixties and the early seventies and aimed at assessing aggressive responses toward conspecifics or inanimate objects in animals placed in frustrating situations. The lack at the time of accurate and objective measurement of aggressive behaviour and the apparent ease with which aggression could be elicited and quantified in frustrated animals prompted the use of frustration-induced aggression as a baseline for studying the effects of drugs on aggression. Most of the findings obtained in studies of frustration-induced aggression appear g priori to support the concept of a causal relationship between frustration and aggression. However, the question of the specificity of the aggressive response observed in frustrated animals and the mechanisms by which frustration leads to aggression have rarely been addressed. Nor has there been an attempt to systematically assess the mechanisms by which drugs affect frustration-induced aggression. In particular, it is unknown whether drugs that modify frustration-induced aggression do so because of their effects on frustration, on aggression or on other processes involved in the appearance and development of frustration-induced aggression. The aim of the present paper rather than reviewing the literature on the many different facets of frustration-induced aggression in animals and human beings, is to determine the extent to which aggression is elicited by frustration and to critically examine how the effects of drugs on frustration-induced aggression can be interpreted. FRUSTRATION AND AGGRESSION Methodological aSpects There are several ways of inducing frustration. A common technique is -to subject animals, previously trained to obtain food by giving an appropriate response (e.g., pressing a lever in a Skinner box or running down an alley), to an extinction session during which the food reward is not presented. Another technique is to use schedules of food reinforcement requiring many responses including periods of non-reinforcement for responding (time-out procedures), intermittent schedules of
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