Ethnopharmacology

464 Pages·2015·4.558 MB·English

by  Michael Heinrich, Anna K. Jäger

Ethnopharmacology

Ethnopharmacology
Edited by
Michael Heinrich
Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy/Research Cluster Biodiversity and
Medicines, UCL School of Pharmacy
University of London
UK
Anna K. Jäger
Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
Faculty of Health and Medicinal Sciences
University of Copenhagen
Denmark
http://www.ullapharmsci.org/
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1 2015
Contents
Contributors xvii
SeriesForeword xxi
Preface xxiii
Abbreviations xxvii
Ethnopharmacology: The Fundamental Challenges
1 Ethnopharmacology:AShortHistoryofaMultidisciplinaryFieldofResearch 3
MichaelHeinrich
1.1 Introduction 3
Acknowledgements 8
References 8
2 MedicinalPlantResearch:AReflectiononTranslationalTasks 11
AnnaKJäger
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Translationalresearch:preclinicalresearch 12
2.3 Translationalresearch:clinicalresearch 13
2.4 Reachingthepatient 14
2.5 A‘developed’traditionalmedicinesystem 14
References 16
3 TheAnthropologyofEthnopharmacology 17
InaVandebroekandDanielE.Moerman
3.1 Introduction 17
3.2 Primaryexample:TraditionalmedicineinNewYorkCity 18
3.2.1 Missingoutonculturalcontext 19
3.2.2 Peoplechangeplantsduetoavailability 20
3.2.3 Thespiritualcomponent 21
3.3 AnexamplefromancientRomanarchitecture 22
3.4 AnexamplefromnativeNorthAmerica 23
vi CONTENTS
3.5 Comparativeethnobotany 24
3.6 Conclusions 26
References 27
4 QuantitativeandComparativeMethodsinEthnopharmacology 29
MarcoLeontiandCarolineS.Weckerle
4.1 Introduction 29
4.1.1 Materiamedicaandculturalconsensus 29
4.1.2 Theintentofethnopharmacologicalprojects:Basicandappliedresearch 30
4.1.3 Ethnopharmacologyascross-culturalendeavourandtheconceptofemicandetic 30
4.2 Researchquestions 31
4.2.1 Descriptivequestions 32
4.2.2 Relationalquestions 32
4.3 Fieldresearch 33
4.3.1 Datasampling 33
4.4 Analyzingthedata 34
4.4.1 Use-reportsforquantification 34
4.5 Pharmacologicalresearch 35
4.6 Contextualization 36
4.7 Conclusion 37
References 37
5 Biodiversity,ConservationandEthnopharmacology 41
VernonH.Heywood
5.1 Introduction 41
5.2 Changingattitudestotheownershipofbiodiversity 42
5.3 Medicinalandaromaticplantsasresources 43
5.4 Howmanyspecies? 44
5.5 Chemicaldiversity 45
5.6 Wildharvestingandover-collection 45
5.7 Medicinalplantconservation 46
5.8 Conservationapproaches 46
5.9 Protectedareas 47
5.10 Communityconservation 47
5.11 Geneticconservation 47
5.12 Cultivation 48
5.13 Conclusions 48
References 49
6 Ecopharmacognosy 53
GeoffreyA.Cordell
6.1 Introduction 53
6.2 Sustainablemedicinesandpharmacognosy 54
6.3 Ecopharmacognosy:background 55
6.4 Ecopharmacognosypractices 55
6.4.1 Replacementplantparts 56
6.4.2 Vegetablesaschemicalreagents 56
6.4.3 The‘MedicineMan’approachandremotesensing 56
6.4.4 Dereplication 57
6.4.5 Insilicoevaluationofnaturalproducts 57
6.4.6 Biosynthesisofsecondarymetabolites 58
6.4.7 Complextraditionalmedicines 58
CONTENTS vii
6.4.8 Networkpharmacology 59
6.4.9 Canecopharmacognosychangethedarksideoftraditionalmedicine? 59
6.5 Conclusions 60
Acknowledgements 60
References 60
7 NMR-basedMetabolomicsandHyphenatedNMRTechniques:APerfectMatch
inNaturalProductsResearch 63
JoachimMøllesøeVinther,SileshiGizachewWubshetandDanStaerk
7.1 Introduction 63
7.2 Metabolomics 64
7.3 PrinciplesofNMR-basedmetabolomics 65
7.4 NMR-basedmetabolomicsinnaturalproductsresearch 66
7.5 HyphenatedNMRtechniques 68
7.6 PrincipleofHPLC-SPE-NMR 69
7.7 High-resolutionbioassay-coupledHPLC-SPE-NMR 70
7.8 CombiningmetabolomicsandhyphenatedNMRtechniques 71
7.9 Perspectivesinethnopharmacology 72
7.10 Conclusions 72
References 72
8 NewMedicinesBasedOnTraditionalKnowledge:IndigenousandIntellectual
PropertyRightsfromanEthnopharmacologicalPerspective 75
MichaelHeinrich
8.1 Introduction 75
8.2 Thelegalframework 76
8.3 Industrialresearchinanethnopharmacologicalcontext 77
8.4 Somecasestudies 79
8.4.1 Purenaturalproductsasdrugleads 79
8.4.2 Extractsandpartiallypurifiedpreparationsasdrugleads 81
8.5 Conclusions 83
Note 84
References 84
9 EthnopharmacologyandIntellectualPropertyRights 87
AlanHesketh
9.1 Introduction 87
9.2 Indigenouscommunityrightsandtraditionalknowledge 88
9.3 Identifyingapartner 89
9.3.1 Theforeignpartner’sattitude 90
9.3.2 TheadvantagesofIP 90
9.4 HurdlesinconsideringIP 91
9.5 BuildinganeffectiveIPportfolio 91
9.5.1 Requirementsforpatentability 92
9.5.2 Thevalueofdifferenttypesofpatentprotection 92
9.6 Thepatentabilityofproductsofnature 93
9.6.1 Novelty 94
9.6.2 Noveltyandtraditionalknowledge 94
9.6.3 Obviousness 94
9.7 Conclusion 95
References 95
viii CONTENTS
10 EthnopharmacologyinElementary,PrimaryandSecondaryEducation:Current
PerspectivesandFutureProspects 97
AlonsoVerde,DiegoRivera,JoséRamónVallejo,JoséFajardo,ConcepciónObón
andArturoValdés
10.1 Introduction 97
10.2 Ethnopharmacology:amultidisciplinarysubjectforeducation 99
10.3 Developinganethnopharmacologicalcurriculum:somestrategies 101
10.4 Conclusions 104
References 105
The Pharmacological Angle
11 Anti-infectiveAgents:TheExampleofAntibacterialDrugLeads 111
MaíraBidartdeMacedo,SofieClais,EllenLanckacker,LouisMaes,
EmersonSilvaLimaandPaulCos
11.1 Introduction 111
11.2 Bacterialresistance 112
11.3 Plant-derivedantibacterialagents 112
11.3.1 Directantibacterialagents 112
11.3.2 Antivirulenceagents 113
11.3.3 Resistance-modifyingagents 117
11.4 Basicrequirementsforsuccessfulantimicrobialdrugdiscovery(Cosetal.,2006) 118
11.5 Conclusion 119
References 120
12 SearchingforNewTreatmentsofMalaria 123
ColinW.Wright
12.1 Introduction 123
12.2 Traditionalherbalremediesasasourceofantimalarialleadcompounds 123
12.3 Developmentsfromestablishedantimalarials 126
12.4 Non-traditionalmedicinesourcesofpotentialantimalarials 127
12.5 Alternativestrategiesinthesearchfornaturalantimalarialcompounds 129
12.6 Herbalpreparationsforthetreatmentofmalaria 130
12.7 Conclusionandfutureprospects 132
References 132
13 CNSDisorders 135
AnnaKJäger
13.1 Introduction 135
13.2 Epilepsy 135
13.3 Depressionandanxiety 137
13.3.1 Selectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitors 137
13.3.2 MAO-Ainhibitors 138
13.3.3 Clinicalevidence 138
13.4 Insomnia 139
13.5 Sedatives 139
13.6 Dementia 139
13.6.1 Counteringneurotransmitterabnormalities:acetylcholinesteraseinhibitors 140
13.6.2 Counteringneurotransmitterabnormalities:MAO-Binhibitors 140