Ethnomedicinal and phytochemical review of Pakistani medicinal plants used as antibacterial ...

18 Pages·2014·0.59 MB·English

Adnanetal.AnnalsofClinicalMicrobiologyandAntimicrobials2014,13:40
http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/13/1/40
REVIEW Open Access
Ethnomedicinal and phytochemical review of
Pakistani medicinal plants used as antibacterial
agents against Escherichia coli
Muhammad Adnan1*†, Roqaia Bibi1†, Sakina Mussarat1†, Akash Tariq1† and Zabta Khan Shinwari2†
Abstract
Medicinal plants have always been part of human culture and have the potential to cure different diseases caused
bymicroorganisms. In Pakistan, biologists are mainly focusing on plants’antimicrobial activities against Escherichia
colidue to itsincreasing resistance to antibiotics.In total, extracts from 34 ethnomedicinally valuablePakistani
plants were reported for in-vitro anti-E.coli activities. Mostly methanolic extracts ofmedicinalplants were used in
different studies, which have shown comparatively higher inhibitory activities against E.coli than n-hexane and
aqueous extracts. It has been found that increasing concentration (mg/ml) of methanolic extract can significantly
increase (p<0.01) anti-E. coli activities. Not allmedicinalplants are extracted insolventsothers than above, which
should also be tested against E.coli.Moreover, medicinal plant speciesmust be fully explored phytochemically,
which may lead to thedevelopment ofnew drugs.
Keywords: Medicinal plants, Biological screening, Ethnomedicines, Phytochemistry, Bacteria
Introduction alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, resins, oleoresins, ses-
Therapeutic properties of medicinal plants are well rec- quiterpene lactones and oils (essential and fixed). Other
ognized at global level [1]. As an estimate, over 50% of compounds like furanocoumarins, hydroxycoumarins,
modern clinical drugs have natural products’ origin [2]. napthoquinones, acylphloroglucinols and sterones have
World Health Organization has emphasized on the use also been isolated from these species. It was identified
oftraditional medicines and reportedabout80% of popu- that74%ofthe119plantderiveddrugswerediscovered
lation from developing countries relies on medicinal as a result of isolation of active substances from medi-
plantsfortheirprimaryhealthcare[3,4].Itisbelievedthat cinalplants[10].
morethan8,000plantsspeciesinSouthAsiacarriesmedi- Escherichia coli are gram negative bacteria, and mainly
cinalproperties,ofwhich1000existsinPakistan[5].Local responsible for urinary tract and gastro-intestinal infec-
people use these medicinal plants for the treatment of tionsinhuman[11].Theyarethebestandmoststudied
various ailments through their indigenous knowledge [6]. free-living microorganisms [12,13]. Some strains of E.
However, due to modernization, traditional medicines are coli live as harmless commensalism in animals’ intes-
onlypracticedinremoteruralareas[7,8]. tines while others causes serious diseases. These strains
In Pakistan, pathogenic bacteria are causing serious included enteropathogenic, enterohemorrhagic, enteroin-
infectious diseases like gastro-intestinal, pneumonia, pul- vasive, enterotoxigenic, and enteroaggregative [14]. The
monaryandskinrelated.AnumberofPakistanimedicinal enterohemorrhagic E. coli strain (EHEC) O157:H7 was
plants have been tested for their antimicrobial activities first recognized as a gastro-intestinal pathogen in 1982
[9].Theseplantscontaindifferentphytochemicalssuchas and became a world-wide public health problem [15].
However,mostofthediseasescausedbythesebacteriaare
being treated locally using medicinal plants. Different
*Correspondence:[email protected]
†Equalcontributors methodslikebiologicalscreening,isolationofcompounds
1DepartmentofBotany,KohatUniversityofScienceandTechnology, and clinical trials have been used to find out the efficacy
Kohat26000,Pakistan
Fulllistofauthorinformationisavailableattheendofthearticle
©2014Adnanetal.;licenseeBioMedCentralLtd.ThisisanOpenAccessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreative
CommonsAttributionLicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0),whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,and
reproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycredited.TheCreativeCommonsPublicDomain
Dedicationwaiver(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)appliestothedatamadeavailableinthisarticle,
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Adnanetal.AnnalsofClinicalMicrobiologyandAntimicrobials2014,13:40 Page2of18
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ofmedicinalplantsagainstmicroorganismscausingapar- were found on Pakistani medicinal plants extracted with
ticulardisease[16,17]. different solvents (methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, n-
Emergence of multiple drug resistant bacterial strains hexane, chloroform etc.) for theirs in-vitro biological
due to indiscriminate use of antibiotics has generated a screening. In total, 112 plants were found tested for
keen interest in the discovery of effective plants derived their in-vitro anti-E. coli in Pakistan. However, this re-
drugs [18]. E. coli are showing increased resistance to viewconsistedof34plants,onwhichsufficientinforma-
different antibiotics like amoxicillin and trimethoprim tion were available regarding extracts’ concentrations
[19,20]. Hence, searching of alternative and effective (mg/ml) necessary for maintaining uniformity in the
medicines from plants against such resistant bacteria data. This study is the combination of anti-E. coli activ-
has become an important concern all over the world ities, ethnomedicinal properties and phytochemistry of
[21]. Antibiotics on one side became ineffective to bac- reported medicinal plants that were collected from the
terialstrainsbutalsocostlyforthepoorcommunitiesof availableliterature.
developing world [22,23]. Furthermore, the antibiotics
may be associated with adverse effects including hyper-
ExtractiontechniquesusedinPakistan
sensitivityandimmunesuppression[24].Therefore,this
Extractionistheprocessofseparationofactivemetabolites
review was designed with the aim to (i) compile the
ofmedicinalplantsusingdifferent solventsthroughstand-
available fragmented literature on anti-E. coli effect of
ard procedures. Common techniques used in Pakistan for
Pakistani medicinal plants, and (ii) suggest measures on
extraction process are Maceration, Infusion, Percolation,
newer and safer herbal drugs for the diseases caused by
Decoction and Soxhlet [25,26]. Maceration is the most
the E. coli. Furthermore, this review will provide know-
profferedtechnique,inwhichpowdered plant-drugiskept
ledge on ethnomedicines and phytochemistry of those
in a container with solvent for a defined period with fre-
Pakistani medicinal plants having anti-E. coli potential.
quentstirringuntilsolublematterisdissolved[27].
Above all, this review will provide baseline information
for chemists, pharmacists and pharmacologists to carry
Dataorganizationandstatisticalanalysis
outin-depthin-vitroand in-vivoactivitiesfor thedevel-
Data was organized and tabulated using Microsoft Excel
opment of novel drugs against E. coli with low cost and
2007 and Word2007.Firsttable wasdesignedon the in-
lesssideeffectsonlivingsystem.
vitro anti-E. coli activities of Pakistani medicinal plants.
This table consisted of data on the concentrations of
Methodology plant extracts (uniformed to mg/ml) and their anti-E. coli
Literatureselection zoneofinhibition(uniformedtomm). Secondtablecom-
Online literature on antibacterial activities of Pakistani posedofethnomedicinalpropertiesandphytochemistryof
medicinalplantsagainstE.coliwassearchedandgathered reported medicinal plants. Figure 1 depicts total number
using online bibliographic databases including Google ofmedicinal plants used against E. coli in Pakistan,which
Scholar, ISI Web of Knowledge and Science Direct Navi- justifies the criteria of species’ selection for this review.
gator, as well as some libraries sources. An extensive PearsoncorrelationwasappliedusingSPPSbetweenplant
numberofpublishedandunpublishedarticlesandreports extracts’concentrations and anti-E. colizoneofinhibition
Total Plants Plants selected
80
70
60
nts 50
a
Pl 40
of
o. 30
N
20
10
0
Methanol Ethanol n-hexane Chloroform Aqueous Ethyl Butanol
acetate
Extractions
Figure1Pakistanimedicinalplantsextractedwithdifferentsolvents.Plantsselectedindicatethosethatareselectedoutoftotalspeciesfor
thisreview.
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(Figures2and3).Furthermore,Figure4wasdevelopedin organic in nature, which can be obtained through metha-
Chemdraw, which illustrates active phytochemical of se- nolicandethanolicextractions[16].
lectedmedicinalplantshavinganti-E.coliactivities.
Withaniasomnifera
W. somnifera is widely used as traditional medicine in
Discussion
remote areas of Pakistan for various ailments (Table 1).
Medicinalplantsextractedwithmethanolandethanol
Mahmood et al. [29] described that methanolic extract
Methanol and ethanol are organic compounds used for
of W. somnifera at different concentrations 15, 10, 5 and
the extractions of different medicinal plants. These sol-
3mg/ml showed 8,7, 3.7and 1mm inhibition against E.
vents are mostly preferred throughout the world for
coli, respectively. Leaves extract of W. somnifera showed
extraction process [28]. Present review showed that ma-
18 mm inhibition against E. coli at 10 mg/ml concentra-
jority of plant species (19) were extracted using metha-
tion [30] (Table 2). These strong antibacterial activities
nolsolvent(Figure1).Thehigher useofmethanolmight
of W. somnifera might be due to the presence of Witha-
be associated with its higher antibacterial activities in
comparison to other solvents. Statistically plant extracts’ nolides (Figure 4.3), which have been isolated from the
leaves[31](Table1).
of methanolic concentrations (mg/ml) in DMSO have
significantly increasedtheanti-E.coliinhibitoryactivities
(Figures 2and3). Justiciaadhatoda
Ethanolic extracts of certain plants also showed excel- J. adhatoda is traditionally being used for the treatment
lent inhibitory activities. Anti-E. coli inhibitory activities of variety of diseases caused by E. coli and other micro-
ofmethanolandethanolmightberelatedtotheirpolarna- organisms (Table 1). Limited inhibition of methanolic
ture,duetowhichthesesolventscaneasilydegradethecell extracts of its leaves was found against E. coli (Table 2).
wallofmedicinalplantsandhelpsinreleasingpolyphenols J.adhatodashowed2mminhibitionat15mg/mlconcen-
from cells. Ncube et al. [27] mentioned that polyphenols tration, 1.6 mm inhibition at 12.5 mg/ml concentration,
are best in their antibacterial activities. Polyphenols are 1.5 mm at 10 mg/ml and 1.4 mm at 7.5 mg/ml
Methanol R2 = 0.492 Ethanol R2 = 0.097
r= 0.702 r= -0.316
Series1 Linear (Series1)p= 0.000 Series1 Linear (Series1) p= 0.187
10
mm) 8 m) 25
ne ( 6 e (m 20
o n 15
z o
on 4 n z 10
nhibiti 2 hibitio 5
I 0 n 0
I
0 5 10 15 20 0 50 100 150
Concentration (mg/ml) Concentration (mg/ml)
Ethyl acetate R2 = 0.984 Chloroform R2 = 0.988
r=0.992 r=0.994
Series1 Linear (Series1) p=0.008 Series1 Linear (Series1) p=0.006
30 25
m) 25 m) 20
m m
ne ( 20 ne ( 15
zo 15 zo
on on 10
biti 10 biti
hi 5 hi 5
n n
I I
0 0
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
Concentration (mg/ml) Concentration (mg/ml)
Figure2Pearsoncorrelationsbetweenmedicinalplantextracts’concentrations(mg/ml)andinhibitionzonesofE.coli(mm).
Adnanetal.AnnalsofClinicalMicrobiologyandAntimicrobials2014,13:40 Page4of18
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Methanol Butanol
R2 = 0.511 R2 = 0.336
Series1 Linear (Series1) r=0.715 Series1 Linear (Series1) r=0.580
p=0.000 p=0.172
m) 15 m) 8
m m
bition zone ( 105 bition zone ( 246
Inhi 00 20 40 60 Inhi 00 1 2 3 4 5
Concentration (mg/ml) concentration (mg/ml)
Aqueous R2 = 0.005 Chloroform R2 = 0.001
r=-0.073 r=-0.630
Series1 Linear (Series1) p=0.842 Series1 Linear (Series1) p=0.094
m) 15 m)15
m m
ne ( 10 ne (10
o o
z z
on 5 on 5
biti biti
hi 0 hi 0
n n
I 0 10 20 30 I 0 1 2 3 4 5
concentration (mg/ml) Concentration (mg/ml)
n-hexane R2 = 0.033 Ethyl acetate R2 = 0.497
r=0.705
r=0.183
p=0.184
Series1 Linear (Series1)p=0.549 Series1 Linear (Series1)
m) 15 m) 8
m m
e ( 10 e ( 6
n n
zo zo 4
n n
o 5 o
biti biti 2
hi hi
n 0 n 0
I 0 20 40 60 I 0 5 10 15 20 25
Concentration (mg/ml) Concentration (mg/ml)
Figure3PearsoncorrelationsofdifferentconcentrationofmedicinalplantsextractsdissolvedinDMSOsolvent(mg/ml)andinhibition
zonesofE.coli(mm).
concentrationwhendissolvedinDMSO(Table2).Studies of these compounds. However, further studies are re-
have revealed the presence of alkaloids in the methanolic quiredinordertofindouttheconstituentsthatmayhave
extract of its leaves (Table 1). Alkaloids isolated from strongpotentialagainstE.coli.
J. adhatoda showed bronchodilator activity [86], however
notevaluatedforantimicrobialactivities. Azadirachtaindica
Ethnomedicinally, A. indica is considered one of medi-
Althaeaofficinalis cinal plants having great potential against variety of dis-
Roots of A. officinalis are very useful and traditionally eases (Table 1). For instance, the decoction of leaves is
used for intestinal and respiratory problems. The metha- used for curing digestive and gastric problems. Leaves
nolic extract of roots, leaves and flowers of A. officinalis aredried,crushedandpowderismixedwithsmallquan-
when dissolved in DMSO have shown 1.9 mm inhibition tity of water and taken as remedies of freckles on face
againstE.coli(Table2).Phytoconstituentslikealtheahexa- and increase appetite by lessening stomach flatulence
cosanyl lactone (Figure 4.1), altheacalamene, β-sitositerol, and killing intestinal worms [35,36]. Ethanolic extract of
altheacoumarin glucoside and other constituents have leaves of A. indica showed 18 and 23 mm inhibition at
been obtained from the methanolic and ethanolic extract 50 and 75 mg/ml, respectively against E. coli [78]. More
of root, seeds and leave of A. officinalis (Table 1). The than 135 compounds have been isolated so far from
anti-E. coli activity of this plant could be due to presence different parts of A. indica, however not of them are
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COOMe O
O
O O
H
O
(CH2)17 CH3 MeOOC OAc
4.1:AltheahexacosanylLactone[58,59] 4.2:Nimbin[61]
OH OH
N N
N N
HO
R'
R
4.3:AlkaloidsofJ.adhatoda[79,80]
O O
H
OH
OH
HO
O O O O
OH OH O H
OH H OH
OH
HO
O O
OH OH O
OH H 4.4:SomeglycosidesofW.somnifera(Withanolides)[97]
OH
Figure4Structureofchemicalcompoundsisolatedfromplantshavingantibacterialactivities.
studied for their biological activities. Nimbin (Figure 4.2) Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes present in aerial parts
and Nimbidin are major crude bitter principle extracted werefoundtopossessantibacterialactivities[87].M.long-
from the oil of seed kernels of A. indica, which have ifolia hasalsobeenscientificallyprovedforitsinsecticidal
demonstrated several biological activities including anti- [87],antispasmodicandantiplateletproperties[88].
fungal,antibacterial andanti-inflammatory [76].
Delonixregia
Menthalongifolia Ethnomedicinally, the root of D. regia has been proved
Traditionally the decoction of M. longifolia is used for very potent against abdominal pain while leaves are used
cholera,diarrheaandstomachproblemsintheruralarea as anti-inflammation. In-vitro ethanolic extract of D.
of Pakistan [61]. The ethanolic extract of leaves of M. regia has shown 10 mm zone of inhibition at 100 mg/ml
longifolia showed 18 mm inhibition against E. coli when concentration against E. coli [12] (Table 2). Large num-
dissolvedintheirrespectivesolventat10mg/ml(Table1). ber of phytoconstituents such as tannins, triterpenoids,
hA
Table1EthnobotanyandphytochemistryofPakistanimedicinalplants ttpdn
PlantSpecies/ Partused Extract Phytoconstituents Ethnobotany Modeofpreparation Routeof References ://wan
Familynames admin. wet
wa
ALilnthnaMeaalovfaficceinaaelis Sleeaevde,sr,oflootw,er Methanol n(a-lhtheexaahcoesx-a2c-oesnaynl-y1l,5la-octliodnee),2β- Ebxuprnesc,tosnraankte,dbeitme,ualsctehnmt,a, Dtheecorocotito,nasreovfethryeupsleafnutl,feosrpienctieasltlyinoafl Oral,dermal [32-34] .annl.An
hydroxycalamene(altheacalamene) bronchitispneumonia, problems.Seeds,leavesandflowers -clinnals
and5,6-dihydroxycoumarin-5-dode- rheumatism,kidneyand areboiledinwineormilkandtaken mo
(aDcaacilhnitdhyo,edaβart-oceso-ki6tauoβems-mtDaep-rrgiofnellurgaocnloludp4c′oyl-arOsanid-nogeosl)uts,eicdlraooeuslri.dice, bladderproblems tborornecliehviteisdainsedaswehsoliokpeinchge-csot,ucgohu.ghs, icrob.comfClinicalM
AAMdzearl.diaJicuraescsa.hetaindica Leaves Ethanol TgAiezlianrodtisioriadbceioh,stHiindyepolaetin8-0- Agdainssettiasriescepspt,ircso,tbodlmiegmeacssth,ivsfkelainatunldence Ddleieagcveoessctitvaioerenabnoodfillgeeadavstienrsicwispatrtaoekbrelaennmfdos.rtiFerdesh Oral,dermal [35-37] /content/13/1/4icrobiologyand
onwounds.Leavesaredried, 0A
n
crushedandpowderismixedwith tim
smallquantityofwaterandtakenfor ic
theremedyoffrecklesonfaceand rob
increaseappetitebylessening ia
ls
stomachflatulenceandkilling 2
0
worms. 1
4
,
Calendulaarvensis Leaves Ethanol 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-3-β-O-(O- Hepatitisandspleen Decoctionofleavesisusedas Oral [35,38] 1
3
L.Compositae β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→3)-β-D- enlargementcontrol required. :4
0
glucopyranoside.
3-β-O-(O-β-D-galactopyranosyl(1→
3)-β-D-glucopyranoside.
Calotropisprocera Stem,leaves Methanol, alkaloids,flavonoids,tannins,steroids, Expectorant,anthelmentic, Stemlatexisusedinearacheand Oral,dermal [35,39]
Ait.f.,Hort. aqueous triterpenoids,saponins cholera,asthma,earache, asthma.Infusionofleavesusedfor
Solanaceae pyorrhea,gastro-intestinal stomachproblems.
diseases
CannabissativaL. Leaves Ethanol Anhydrocannabisativine Sedative,anodyne,narcotic Wholeplantextractiseffectivecure Oral,dermal [40-42]
Cannabaceae oflivestockdysentery.Cannabisis
Cannabisativine
alsousedforthetreatmentof
cannabinoids numberofconditionincludingAIDS,
multiplesclerosisandthermotherapy
N-(p-hydroxy-β-phenylethyl)-p-
inducednausea.Itsdecoctionis
hdroxy-(trans)-cinnamide
usedforthetreatmentofthecancer,
neuroprotection,feverandhigh
bloodpressure.Itcausehallucination
whendrunkinexcessivequantity.
CarumcopticumL. Methanol,ethanol, Appetizers,kidneystone, Seedsaretakenwithlittlesaltfor Oral [36,43]
Apiaceae n-hexane,acetone digestionandwhooping gastroubleasstomachtonic.
cough P
a
g
e
6
o
f
1
8
Table1EthnobotanyandphytochemistryofPakistanimedicinalplants(Continued) hA
ttpdn
CL.icAhsotreiuramceIanetybus Root Methanol [alruapb-i1n2o,2fu0ra(2n9o)s-ydli-e2n′--3hβe-xoald-3eβc-aLn-oate] Abdominalpain,diarrhea cTahremwinhaotilveepplaunrptoisseuss.edfor Oral [34,40,44] ://wwanet
wa
[lup-12,20(29)-dien-3β-olyl .anl.A
hexadecanoate] nn
[4β-(pent-2-enylolactone)- -clinnals
mo
CzLeainyulnaraancmiacuoemameuBmlume. Kohat n-hexane chsgtaeleyrxrbcoaootisdrhiiasdy,cdetosraannttenasinn,esa],lkfalalovoidnso,itdasn,nins, Tcmaoirocmrtohinbaaciathli,veeaan,nstitd-ifmusnougrlaeanlgt,uamnsti,- Bteaarkainsdbsoiiplepdedin. waterandmakes Oral [45] icrob.comfClinicalM
/cic
C(OSircsothabenancnkhc)ehRat.ucWbeuaigelohsta. Stem Methanol Glycosides,monoterpenes [46] ontent/13robiology
DMailtl.uSraoliannnaocxeiaae Seed Methanol Ddiahtyudrarodxioylo,ldeaaanteu-r1a2o-leonnee,,33-βo,x6oβ--6β- aannttii-sipnaflsammomdaict,osreyd,laatxivaeti,ve Sasmthomkea.oFfrtuhitespalraenutsiesdinihnamledalatoriac.ure Dermal [34,35,47] /1/40andA
hydroxyoleane-12-ene malaria Fruitisusedtorevealcardiacpains ntim
anddistress.Leavesareusedin
ic
earache.Thejuiceofthefruitis ro
b
appliedtothescalpforcuring ia
dandruffandfallinghairs. ls
2
0
DelonixregiaL. Stem,bark, Ethanol,methanol L-Azetidine-2-carboxylicacid,lupeol, Abdominalpains,bronchitis Rootdecoctionisusedfor Oral [48-50] 1
4
Leguminosae leaves epilupeol,b-sitosterol,stigmasterol andpneumonia abdominalpainsandinthe ,1
andp-methoxybenzaldehydealka- treatmentofscorpionbite.The 3:4
loids,tannnins,triterpenoids,steroids, leavesextractisusedasanti- 0
glycosides,flavonoids,so-flaflavones, inflammatory.Theherbisalsoused
flavones,anthocyanine,coumarines, inbronchitisandpneumoniainin-
lignins,vitamin-A,vitamin-E,vitamin- fants.Itisusedasacarminative.
C.ß-Amyrin,hesperitin
Dodonaeaviscosa Leaves,aerial Ethanol Tannins,saponins,flavanoidsand Astringent,antirheumatic, Grindtheleavesandaddsmall Oral,dermal [40,51]
L.Capparidaceae parts terpenoids swellingcutaneous,skeletal amountofwater(Infusion)tomake
andgastro-intestinaldiseases finepastefordermaluse.
andburns
Eucalyptus Leaves Ethanol Ellagitannins,flavonoids, Fluandcold Fivetotenleavesboiledinwater Oral [36,52]
camaldulensis phloroglucinolderivativesand anddecoctionistakenforflutwicea
Dehnh.Myrtaceae galloylesters. day.
FicuscaricaL. Leaves,fruit Ethanol Steroids,triterpenoids,cumarines, Respiratory,gastrointestinal, Burntheleavesandtheashis Oral,dermal [34,53]
Moraceae flavanoidsandglycoside urinaryandcutaneous sprayedonthewoundsdermally.
diseases,demulcent,laxative, Decoctionisusedforintestinal
antiseptic,constipation, problems.Freshfruitusedinanemia
flatulence,measles,dysentery, andconstipation.Latexobtained
bladderproblemsand fromthestemandleavesfor
verrucas checkingbleeding.
Glycyrrhizaglabra Root Methanol Glycyrrhizin Respiratoryillness,cough Driedrootarecrushedandpowder Oral [54]
P
L.Leguminosae takenorally. a
g
e
7
o
f
1
8
Table1EthnobotanyandphytochemistryofPakistanimedicinalplants(Continued) hA
ttpdn
HL.yLssaompiuasceoaffeicinalis Leaves Methanol aO--Gβl-uDc-oaspidioafsuerainnhoisbyilt-o(1rs→.q2u)e-rβc-eDt-inxy7-- afesvthemr,tar,acuomuag,hr,hberuomncahtiistmis, [55,56] ://wwanet
laoppioyrfuanraonsoidseyl-a(n1d→q2u)e-βrc-eDt-inxy7lo-Opy-βra-nD-- w.anal.A
oside3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside n-clinnnals
Justiciaadhatoda Leaves Methanol Alkaloids Diuretic,jaundice, Grindtheleavesandmixitwith Oral,dermal [57-59] mo
L.Acanthaceae aatgunsatbtshitesmrrpocaa-uis,nlmobtesroiossdtn,iinrcchahceli,touidsum,igaarhrth,isema,, haudrsoioaenrudrehnyfedo.aTrt.hhreeesppswiarsaettleolinriysg.udDsiseeedcaosdecestriomannadlilsy icrob.comfClinicalM
MWaallvl.aMnaelvgaleccetaae Methanol dPuysrgenattievrey,antimicrobial [40] /content/13icrobiology
MMaallvvaacseyalveestrisL. Lfleoawveers,root, Methanol (12,4-m-neatphhytlh-3o-qmueinthoonxey)-5,6-dihydroxy- [60] /1/40andA
n
Menthalongifolia Leaves Ethanol Longifone,(longiside-Aand-B)and Carminative,diarrhea, Thedriedplantisuseforthe Oral [40,61,62] tim
L.Lamiaceae flavanone-glycoside(longitin)tricetin dysenteryandstomachache treatmentofdiarrheaandits ic
7-O-methylether3′-O-glucoside5′-O- “chatenii”isgoodtonicfor rob
5rh′-aOm-rnhoasmidneo,stirdiceetainnd3′t-rOic-egtliunc3o′s-iOd-e ilmeapfrwovitehmleemntoonfesxtotrmacatcihs.cTohmemteoanof ials2
rhamnosyl-1→4–rhamnoside householdtonictocurecold,flu, 01
4
respiratorydisorders. ,
1
3
Oleaeuropaea.L Leaves Ethanol Oleuropein,Hydroxytyrosol, [63,64] :4
0
Oleaceae Leteoline-7-glucoside
Otostegialimbata Leaves,root Ethanol,methanol 5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4- Wounds,gumdiseases, Oral [35,65]
(Benth.)Boiss oxo-7-[(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]- dental,cutaneousdiseases
Labiatae 4H-chromen-3-ylβ-D-
glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-gluco-
pyranosyl-(1→4)]-[6-O-[(2E)-3-(4-
hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-β-D-
glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-L-rhamno-
pyranoside,5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-
phenyl)-4-oxo-7-[(α-L-rhamnopyrano-
syl)oxy]-4H-chromen-3-yl[6-O-[(2E)-
3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-β-
D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-D-glu-
copyranosyl-(1→4)]-[6-O-[(2E)-3-(4-
hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-β-D-
glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-L-
rhamnopyranoside
Paeoniaemodi Root,flower, Methanol Monoterpenes,monoterpene Backache,epilipsy, TheleavesofRutagraveolens, Oral,dermal [34,66-68]
Wall.exRoyle leaves glycosides,triterpenoids,flavonoids, convulsions,uterinediseases, Paeoniaemodiroot,aregrounded
Paeoniaceae phenolsandtannins vomiting,cholera,whooping togetherandsievedthroughacloth.
cough,diarrhea Mamordicacharantiaandwaterare P
a
mixedtogetherandaddedtosufuf g
e
formed. 8
o
f
1
8
Table1EthnobotanyandphytochemistryofPakistanimedicinalplants(Continued) hA
ttpdn
Phyllanthsemblica Fruit,leaves Methanol kaempferol-3-O-α-L-(6″-methyl)- Carminative,stomachic, Driedfruitsaregrindandtakenwith Oral [34,69,70] ://wan
L.Euphorbiaceae rhamnopyranoside,kaempferol-3-O- diuretic,laxativecooling wateragainstdysenteryanddiarrhea wet
αhy-Ld-r(o6″x-yemtheytlh)-yrlhfuarmfunroalpQyreaunrocseitdine,5- escffuercvty,,acsathrdmiaac,,bturobnecrchuitlios,sis, w.anal.A
nn
gallicacid drhiaebuemteast,isgmo,njoaurrnhdeiac,e, -clinnals
mo
RL.icEinuupshcoorbmiamceuaneis Leaves,seed Ethanol DGruaPtliPlniHc,ea(plc,lii-dcda,itpqehuceehnricnyel-at2inn-dp,giceerlylnalthgisyicidcaraacczidyidl),, Esgdwmaysseeetlrtlnoiinct-e,ginrn,ytape,rrsdcotioialnatraiprchls,edepaiusoerfgausateteisvr,ue,s, Sjgaeimveedannot(iolCmocraidtxitealedOfwobrliitqchuoden)eslcteiopacavtteiioosnnisof Oral,dermal [34,40,71] icrob.comfClinicalM
rachostenhusmmtipaa,attcisioomun,gpharaanlydsis, plfpeibrraooeflbraelpaexnsmtredascofatrfunwuidttiteiihsrnucf(srGreearqaenuswdeeinaeatapslysppye)udtsbieteaedlri.kvIfetosrry /content/13icrobiology
acantdtleto. hastenreleaseofbirthin /1/40andA
n
Solanum Wholeplant Methanol Chestpain,vomiting,burning Fruitisdried,crushedandpowderis Oral [29,36,59] tim
surrattenseBurrn.f. feet,cough,asthma, takenforabdomenpainandgas ic
Solanaceae expectorant,stomachache, trouble. rob
diuretic,gonorrhea,urinary, ia
ls
gastro-intestinaldiseases 2
0
1
Solanum Leaves,stem, Ethanol Carpesterolandfoursteroidal [72,73] 4
,
xanthocarpum flower,root glycosides,alkaloids,sterols, 1
3
Schrad.and saponine,flavonoids,glycosides :4
0
Wendl.Sert.
Hanov.Solanaceae
Trigonellafoenum Seeds,stem, Ethanol 5,7,3′-trihydroxy-5′- anticancer,anti-inflammatory, 200gseedsaregroundandthe Oral [34,74,75]
graecumL. Leaves methoxylisoflavone,biochaninA, antiseptic,aphrodisiac,astrin- resultingpowderisusedorallyafter
Leguminosae formononetin,irilone,tricin,daidzein, gent,anthelmintic,wound washingurethrawithasugarand
calycosin,orientin-2″-O-р-trans-cou- healing,gastroprotective, potashalum(potassiumalum)
marate,vitexin-2″-O-p-trans-couma- chroniccough,leprosy,heart mixturefor4–5days.50gseedsare
rate,andtricin-7-O-β-D- disease,antidiabetic,diarrhea, mixedwithfodderandfedtoanimal
glucopyranoside uretheraprolapse for3–4days.
ViscumalbumL. Leaves,twigs Ethylacetate, 4′-O-[β-D-Apiosyl(1→2)]-β-D- Anti-inflammatory,emetic, [76]
Loranthaceace chloroform, glucosyl]-5-hydroxyl-7-O- purgative,anti–diabetic,
ethanolic, sinapylflavanone,3-(4-acetoxy-3,5- hernia
methanolic, dimethoxy)-phenyl-2E-propenyl-β-D-
aqueous glucopyranoside,3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-
dimethoxy)-phenyl-2E-propenyl-β-D-
glucopyranoside,5,7-dimethoxy-4′-O-
β-D-glucopyranosideflavanone,4′,5-
dimethoxy-7-hydroxyflavanone,and
5,7-dimethoxy-4′-hydroxyflavanone
Withania Fruit,leaves Methanol, withanosidesI,II,III,IV,V,VI,andVII Anthelmintic,leucorrhoea, Fruitisgiventochildrenfor Oral [35,31]
somniferaDunal. ethanolic tuberculosisabdominalpain removingabdominalpain.Decoction Pa
g
Solanaceae isusedforbloodpurification. e
9
o
f
1
8
Table1EthnobotanyandphytochemistryofPakistanimedicinalplants(Continued) hA
ttpdn
ZMizililpehr.usvulgaris Fruit Methanol 3ru-Otin-roosbidineo,b3i-oOs-iαd-eL,-qaruaebricneotsinyl-3(-1O→- Lgaaxsatrtoiv-ein,tceusttainnaeloduisseaanseds Infusion Oral [29,35] ://wwanet
Rhamnaceae 2(1)-→α-L2-r)-hαa-mL-nrhoasmidne,o3si-dOe-,β3-D′,5-′x-ydloi-Csy-lβ-- w.anal.A
D(1-→glu2c)o-αsy-lLp-rhhloamretnino,si3d-eO--4β′--OD--αxy-Llo-syl- n-clinnnals
mo
rhamnoside, icrob.comfClinicalM
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ontent/13robiology
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1
3
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