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Ethnobotany Ethnopharmacology to Bioactive Compounds Editors José L. Martinez Vicerrectory of Research, Development and Innovation Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago, Chile Alfred Maroyi Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare Alice, South Africa Marcelo L. Wagner Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina p, p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK Cover credit: Cover photograph reproduced by permission of Ignacio J. Agudelo, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2023 José L. Martinez, Alfred Maroyi and Marcelo L. Wagner CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data (applied for) ISBN: 978-1-032-34814-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-34815-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-32396-9 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003323969 Typeset in Times New Roman by Radiant Productions Preface The development of natural products as pharmaceutical drugs and health products has been established on the basis of therapeutic properties of traditional medicines. Traditional medicines represent an important source of multi target therapeutics involving bioactive compounds contained in plant extracts. These bioactive compounds are responsible for biological activities associated with plant species used as traditional medicines. The multiple bioactive compounds usually have additive, antagonistic and synergistic effects. Currently, the screening of natural products such as medicinal plants has become an effective method for rapid selection of bioactive compounds with effective biological activities. Therefore, phytochemical research based on ethnopharmacology is considered an effective approach in the discovery of novel bioactive compounds with potential as drug leads and development process. Plant extracts used in indigenous pharmacopoeia of many cultures for treating several human and animal diseases represent a source of bioactive compounds required in the pharmaceutical drug discovery process. The therapeutic properties of bioactive compounds of medicinal plants still continue to be the subject of many researches throughout the world. Hence, in this book, an ethnobotanical review based on ethnopharmacology as an effective approach in the discovery of novel bioactive compounds is presented. The chapters are written by specialists from different countries with Chapter 1 focusing on therapeutic and nutritional properties of some medicinal plants for use as animal feed. Chapters 2 to 4 focus on ethnobotanical uses, health applications, mechanisms of action, biological activities and clinical trials of resveratrol, coffee and antidiabetic medicinal plants. Chapters 5 to 9 present the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of crude extracts or bioactive compounds isolated from members of the plant families Phytolaccaceae and Petiveriaceae, and species of the genera such as Tabernaemontana, Tabernanthe, Huperzia, Alepidea and Salvia. Chapter 10 deals with the molecular basis of the bioactive compound flavonoid from the perspective of modern phytochemistry. This book, therefore, is an important addition to the pharmaceutical literature as a single reference covering these essential aspects of ethnobotany focusing on the ethnopharmacological approach and the importance of bioactive compounds as potential pharmaceutical drug leads José L. Martinez, Chile Alfred Maroyi, South Africa Marcelo L. Wagner, Argentina Contents Preface iii 1. Taking Advantage of the Therapeutic/Nutritional Properties of Some 1 Medicinal Plants for Use in Animal Feed Amner Muñoz‑Acevedo, Cindy P. Guzmán, Nubellys M. Peralta, María C. González and Martha Cervantes‑Díaz 2. Resveratrol: Perspectives from Ethnobotanical uses to 44 Health Applications José L. Martinez, Onder Yumrutas, Maite Rodriguez, Miguel Rios, Rao Zahid Abbas, Luisauris Jaimes and Ali Parlar 3. Coffee and Folk Medicine: Mechanisms and Activities 65 Filipe Kayodè Felisberto dos Santos, Ian Gardel Carvalho Barcellos Silva, Arquimedes Lopes Nunes Filho and Valdir Florêncio da Veiga Júnior 4. Use of Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants with Ethnomedicinal 81 Information in Clinical Trials: Focus on Bioactive Compounds Anuar Salazar‑Gómez, Candy Carranza‑Álvarez, Fabiola Domínguez and Angel Josabad Alonso‑Castro 5. Phytolaccaceae and Petiveriaceae Ethnobotany and 101 Phytochemistry Zilda Cristiani Gazim, Evellyn Claudia Wietzikoski Lovato, Bárbara de Souza Arcanjo, Maria Graciela Iecher Faria Nunes, Suelen Pereira Ruiz Herrig, Ana Daniela Lopes, Carla Maria Mariano Fernandez, Giani Andrea Linde Colauto, Nelson Barros Colauto and Juliana Silveira do Valle 6. Beyond Phytochemistry: Comparative Ethnobotany among 133 Oneirogenic Alkaloid Containing Tabernaemontana species from Mexico and the Amazon and the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga (Apocynaceae) Felix Krengel, Ricardo Reyes‑Chilpa, Karla Paola García‑Cruz, Olga Lucia Sanabria‑Diago, Willian Castillo‑Ordoñez and Laura Cortés‑Zárraga vi Ethnobotany: Ethnopharmacology to Bioactive Compounds 7. Phytochemistry and Bioactivity from Huperzias, used by Healers 159 from Saraguro Community, in the Southern Ecuadorian Andes María‑Elena Cazar, Chabaco Armijos and Omar Malagón Avilés 8. The Genus Alepidea: A Review of its Medicinal Uses, 167 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities Alfred Maroyi, Ruvimbo Jessy Mapaya, Ahmad Cheikhyoussef and Natascha Cheikhyoussef 9. Genus Salvia: Its Secondary Metabolites and Roles in the 191 Treatment of Common Cancer Types in Men and Women Onder Yumrutas, José L. Martinez, Ali Parlar, Bernardo Morales, Pınar Yumrutas and Luisauris Jaimes 10. Molecular Basis of Ethnobotany and the Quest for Flavonoids: 216 An Analytical Journey Cecilia B. Dobrecky, Marcelo L. Wagner, Pablo A. Evelson and Silvia E. Lucangioli Index 239 Chapter 1 Taking Advantage of the Therapeutic/Nutritional Properties of Some Medicinal Plants for Use in Animal Feed Amner Muñoz-Acevedo,1,* Cindy P. Guzmán,1 Nubellys M. Peralta,1 María C. González1 and Martha Cervantes-Díaz2 Introduction The Farm Management and Production Economics Service of the FAO Department of Agriculture is raising awareness of the role of wild/medicinal plants in many developing countries in which the population bases its economy on agroforestry practices/systems (combining agriculture and livestock, e.g., agrosilvipastoralism). In those cases where the rural population of these countries depends to some extent on livestock (it is considered as a source for social security and food) for their livelihood, ca. 30–35% of losses occur in the animal husbandry sectors due to lack of good sanitary/hygienic (diseases) and food/nutritional practices, as well as environmental conditions (food shortage and lack of water resources) (Castañeda Sifuentes et al. 2014, Maurer and Schueckler 1999, Quansah and Makkar 2012, Russo et al. 2009). Some of those wild plants from agropastoral farm households, in addition to being used as medicine and food for humans, are also used as forage/fodder (growth promoters) and medicine for animals (ethnoveterinary); and from the applications 1 Departamento de Química y Biología, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia. 2 Grupo Investigaciones Ambientales para el Desarrollo Sostenible, Facultad de Química Ambiental, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bucaramanga, Colombia. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Ethnobotany: Ethnopharmacology to Bioactive Compounds mentioned above, these have helped partly to solve the problem, reaching an importance during the last decade, due to the discovery of some effective products that are a cheaper, easier, and more sustainable alternative to synthetic drugs (Khan et al. 2021, Konsala et al. 2013, Maurer and Schueckler 1999, Russo et al. 2009, Tipu et al. 2006). Consequently, the use of the resources and the biodiversity of the countries has made it possible to find some plants that, based on their chemical compositions, could be used as available/suitable sources of food (for man/animals) providing the basic nutritional requirements, as well as being useful to alleviate/protect/prevent ailments/ diseases; these plants could act as growth and health promoters (de Medeiros et al. 2021, Hashemi and Davoodi 2011, Lachat et al. 2018). Further than that, a variety of these herbs/spices/medicinal plants are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and could be suitable substitutes (natural origin) for chemical additives (synthetic origin) in food due to the broad biological properties (e.g., bactericidal/antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, immunostimulant, and preservative/antioxidant for food), which is advantageous for those plants that can be used as food for both humans and animals because they would act as nutraceuticals (Duke 2001, FDA 2020, Nieto 2020, Tipu et al. 2006, Shikov et al. 2017). On the other hand, medicinal food plants are defined as those food plants whose consumed parts have therapeutic properties based on traditional medicine. In this concept, it should be clarified that such foods not only serve to satisfy hunger and provide essential macro-/micro-nutrients to the body, but also supply bioactive ingredients that help reduce nutrition-related diseases and other ailments that ensure physical well-being; the medicinal foods are consumed as part of the normal eating pattern. Therefore, this type of food would cover both nutritional and health care aspects, if they were used as animal feed (Awuchi 2019, Ramalingum and Fawzi Mahomoodally 2014, Rivera et al. 2005, Xu et al. 2020). If the review by Mayer et al. (2014) on the treatment of European organic livestock (e.g., cattle, equine, pigs, poultry, rabbits) with medicinal plants as ethno veterinary medicine is taken into account, the species belonging to the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Lamiaceae families were the most important; some of these species (e.g., Malva sylvestris, Urtica dioica, Olea europeae, Sambucus nigra) could be used as antiparasitic and against gastrointestinal and dermatological disorders, as well as immunostimulatory agents, and less consistent as treatments for illness of the genital and respiratory tracts. Finally, some examples of types of plants are Artocarpus altilis (fruits/leaves/ seeds), Azadirachta indica (whole plant), Manihot esculenta (leaves/roots), Prosopis juliflora (fruits/leaves), which contained carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, and fat, along with terpenoid, phenolic, flavonoid, and glycoside compounds; these chemical components confer certain therapeutic properties or antinutritional factors to those plants that would help or not to maintain the animal health. Nutritional Benefits of Medicinal Plants Used for Animal Feed 3 Mining Text In order to analyze and understand the scientific dynamic related to the nutritional and therapeutic properties of some medicinal plants used for animal feed, the following search equation was structured: (TITLE-ABS-KEY (“medicinal plant*” OR “Prosopis juliflora” OR “Azadirachta indica” OR “Manihot esculenta” OR “Artocarpus altilis”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (“Therapeutic propert*” OR “nutritional propert*” OR “animal feed”)) AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 2000). According to this search 695 articles indexed in the Scopus database (Elsevier, BV, 2021) were obtained. Then, the data were processed using VantagePoint text mining software (academic version 12, Search Technology). Figure 1 Displays the distribution of the number of scientific articles per year (2000–2020 timeline) related to the subject under study. As a result, an exponential growing trend could be seen during this period of time, where 2020 was the year with the highest scientific activity (79 records); nonetheless, there was a drastic decrease in the number of articles published in 2017. Lastly, so far in 2021, 45 articles have already been listed in the Scopus database. In addition, the data analysis by De Solla Price´s Law (De Solla Price 1963) showed that the growth rate (percentage value per year) of publications associated to this topic was 19.17%/year. Additionally, the main areas of knowledge, in which the published articles on the nutritional/therapeutic properties of medicinal plants used as animal feed fit, were agricultural and biological sciences (339 registers), pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics (193 registers), biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology (154 registers), medicine (132 registers) and veterinary (99 registers), among others. If the major scientific journals of dissemination on the theme of interest are considered, they were: Tropical Animal Health and Production (46 records), Journal 90 1000 y = 24.165e0.1764x 80 800 R² = 0.9676 600 70 400 mber of records 456000 2000 0 5 10 15 20 Nu 30 20 10 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Series1 12 15 7 6 13 14 13 10 18 24 29 40 40 44 47 48 67 32 42 58 82 Figure 1. Source: Bibliometry Unit-CRAI Library, Universidad Santo Tomás (Bucaramanga). Calculations according to the Scopus information (Elsevier, B.V., 2021) processed with VantagePoint software (version 12.0, Search Technology).