Ethnicity and the Persistence of Inequality: The Case of Peru

253 Pages·2010·1.292 MB·English

by  Rosemary Thorp, Maritza Paredes (auth.)

Ethnicity and the Persistence of Inequality:
The Case of Peru
Confl ict, Inequality and Ethnicity
Series Editor: Frances Stewart, Professor of Development Economics and Director,
CRISE, University of Oxford, UK
The series focuses on the relationships between inequality, human security and
ethnicity emanating from the work of the Centre for Research on Inequality,
Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE), UK. Some books cover general issues
such as mobilization, affi rmative action, the role and management of natural
resources, and post-confl ict policies; others are rooted in the experience of
different regions, for example South East Asia, West Africa and Latin America.
The series is unique since it is united by interest in an unusual perspective – that
of exploring these issues in relation to horizontal inequalities or inequalities
among groups. While each book stands alone, they also have unity of approach
and share some basic ideas. The publications from the Confl ict, Inequality and
Ethnicity series will be highly relevant to students, academics and policy-makers
working on questions of contemporary confl ict.
Titles include:
Frances Stewart (editor)
HORIZONTAL INEQUALITIES AND CONFLICT
Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies
Rosemary Thorp and Maritza Paredes
ETHNICITY AND THE PERSISTENCE OF INEQUALITY
The Case of Peru
Forthcoming:
Graham Brown, Arnim Langer and Frances Stewart (editors)
DEBATING AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
International and Interdisciplinary Perspectives
Yvan Guichaoua (editor)
UNDERSTANDING COLLECTIVE POLITICAL VIOLENCE
Arnim Langer, Frances Stewart and Rajesh Venugopal (editors)
POST-CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND HORIZONTAL INEQUALITIES
Confl ict, Inequality and Ethnicity
Series Standing Order ISBNs 978–0–230–24608–9 (hardback) and
978–0–230–24708–6 (paperback)
(outside North America only)
You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a stand-
ing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of diffi culty, write to us at the
address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the
ISBNs quoted above.
Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills,
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Ethnicity and the
Persistence of Inequality
The Case of Peru
Rosemary Thorp
and
Maritza Paredes
Chapters 1, 2, 7, 8 and 9 and selection and editorial matter © Rosemary
Thorp and Maritza Paredes 2010
Chapter 2 appendix © David Sulmont 2010
Chapters 3 and 4 © Adolfo Figueroa, Maritza Paredes and
Rosemary Thorp 2010
Chapters 5 and 6 © Carlos Contreras, Maritza Paredes and
Rosemary Thorp 2010
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-28000-7
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work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2010 by
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ISBN 978-1-349-32719-5 ISBN 978-0-230-29313-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230293137
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Thorp, Rosemary.
Ethnicity and the persistence of inequality : the case of Peru /
Rosemary Thorp and Maritza Paredes.
p. cm. — (Conflict, inequality and ethnicity)
1. Group identity—Peru—History. 2. Ethnicity—Peru—
History. 3. Equality—Peru—History. 4. Social conflict—Peru—
History. I. Paredes, Maritza. II. Title.
HN 350.Z9S675 2010
305.898'085—dc22 2010027568
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
For Tim and José Carlos
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Contents
List of Tables viii
List of Figures, Map and Box x
Preface xi
List of Abbreviations xiii
1 Introduction 1
2 The Complexity and Salience of Ethnic Identity in Peru 15
3 Measuring Group Inequalities 45
4 Persistent Inequalities in Education 70
5 The Historical Embedding of Group Inequalities:
From the Colony to the War with Chile 89
6 The Embedding of Regional Inequality and the
Consequences for Group Inequalities: The 1890s
to the 1960s 108
7 The Evolving Crisis and Consequences for Group
Inequality, 1968–90 136
8 The Fujimori Years: The Remaking of Political and
Economic Exclusion 170
9 Conclusion 204
Bibliography 217
Index 230
vii
List of Tables
2.1 Significance of various elements in informants’ identity 17
2.2 Average of perception of skin colour across the three
localities 20
2.3 Prejudice against indigenous and cholos by important
characteristics 25
2A.1 CRISE survey: respondents’ principal characteristics by
location of residence 38
3.1 The distribution of income within each group 49
3.2 Share of households by poverty status and by social group
of the household head 50
3.3 Level of education by social group and gender 51
3.4 Medical attention and health insurance, by ethnic group 52
3.5 Horizontal inequality in child mortality according to
LSMS 53
3.6 Households’ services and housing characteristics by social
groups 54
3.7 Excess labour supply, 2003 55
3.8 Percentage of people registered to vote in different regions 55
3.9 Provincial mayors with indigenous last names, 1963–2003 57
3.10 Judges and Prosecutors with indigenous last names by
period of selection and position in the hierarchy 58
3.11 ‘Ethnic background affects access to…’ 60
3.12 Government and perception of forms of group
discrimination 66
4.1 Literacy and level of schooling by ethnic group 71
4.2 Years of schooling by age and by ethnic group 72
4.3 Enrolled students failing or dropping out in the
school year 2004 73
4.4 Mean income by education level and social group, 2003 74
4.5 Mean income by age bracket and social group, 2003 75
viii
List of Tables ix
4.6 Wages of blue-collar workers by education level and
ethnic group, 2003 76
5.1 Government revenues during the Guano Age 97
6.1 Main export products, 1890–1960 109
6.2 Regional distribution of registered voters, 1940, 1963 111
6.3 Regional distribution of population 111
6.4 Trends in per capita real income, 1950–66 117
6.5 Central government spending by principal sectors,
1900–60 120
6.6 Illiteracy rates by region 121
6.7 Regional variations in availability of health care, 1943 122
7.1 Estimated distribution of land by type of agricultural
organization 139
8.1 Electoral results in provincial municipalities, 1980–93 179