Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China PDF
Preview Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China
ETHNIC IDENTITY AND NATIONAL CONFLICT IN CHINA Pengxin 99778800223300110033005544__0011__pprreexx..iinndddd ii 44//1155//22001100 44::0099::1155 PPMM This page intentionally left blank Pengxin ETHNIC IDENTITY AND NATIONAL CONFLICT IN CHINA Rohan Gunaratna, Arabinda Acharya, and Wang Pengxin Pengxin 99778800223300110033005544__0011__pprreexx..iinndddd iiiiii 44//1155//22001100 44::0099::1166 PPMM ETHNIC IDENTITY AND NATIONAL CONFLICT IN CHINA Copyright © Rohan Gunaratna, Arabinda Acharya, and Wang Pengxin, 2010. All rights reserved. First published in 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978–0–230–10305–4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gunaratna, Rohan, 1961– Ethnic identity and national conflict in China / Rohan Gunaratna, Arabinda Acharya, and Wang Pengxin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978–0–230–10305–4 (alk. paper) 1. Terrorism—China. 2. Domestic terrorism—China. I. Acharya, Arabinda. II. Pengxin, Wang. III. Title. HV6433.C55G86 2009 363.3250951—dc22 2009043571 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: June 2010 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America. Pengxin 99778800223300110033005544__0011__pprreexx..iinndddd iivv 44//1155//22001100 44::0099::1166 PPMM CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Abbreviations ix Introduction 1 1 Explaining Minority Conflict in China: A Theoretical Perspective 9 2 Islam and Muslim Minorities in China 19 3 Uighur Separatism: East Turkistan Groups 47 4 Hui Muslims: The Milieu of Radicalization and Extremism 89 5 Threats to China from Al Qaeda 109 6 China’s Perception of the Threat and Response 135 Conclusion: Need for Moderation and a Humane Approach 171 Notes 179 Bibliography 231 Index 241 Pengxin 99778800223300110033005544__0011__pprreexx..iinndddd vv 44//1155//22001100 44::0099::1166 PPMM This page intentionally left blank Pengxin ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to Ambassador Barry Desker, Dean, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at the Nanyang Technological University for his steadfast support. We thank Ayla Iqbal from Pakistan and Senol Yilmaz from Switzerland for their valuable research assistance. We are indebted to Syed Adnan Ali Shah Bukhari, a specialist on Pakistan’s tribal areas, Ustaz Mohamed Redzuan Bin Salleh, an Arabist, Rebecca Givner-Forbes, an Arabist, and Mahfuh Bin Haji Halimi, a specialist on Islamic ideology, who reviewed the manuscript and provided important feedback. We also thank specialists from government organizations and research institutes in China for having supported us during our visits to different parts of China, including Xinjiang. We express our appreciation to Associate Professor Andrew Tan, Convenor, International Studies, University of New South Wales, Robyn Curtis, the Editorial Assistant, Palgrave Macmillan, and the anonymous reviewer. Our colleagues Elizabeth Ong and Kelvinder Singh deserve special mention for their administrative assistance. We also express our appreciation to Mohammed Amir Rana, Director, Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies, Islamabad, and several others who assisted us in our re- search and wish to remain anonymous. Pengxin 99778800223300110033005544__0011__pprreexx..iinndddd vviiii 44//1155//22001100 44::0099::1177 PPMM This page intentionally left blank Pengxin ABBREVIATIONS AML Anti-Money Laundering AQIM Al Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb ATB Anti-Terror Bureau CCP Chinese Communist Party ETIC East Turkistan Information Center ETIM East Turkistan Islamic Movement ETIP Eastern Turkistan Islamic Party ETLO East Turkistan Liberation Organization ETNC Eastern Turkistan National Congress ETR East Turkistan Republic EWPS Early Warning and Prevention System FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan IJU Islamic Jihad Union IMU Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan ISI Islamic State of Iraq MND Ministry of National Defense MPS Ministry of Public Security MSS Ministry of State Security NATCG National Anti-Terrorism Coordination Group NPC National People’s Congress NWFP North Western Frontier Province PAPF People’s Armed Police Force PBC People’s Bank of China PLA People’s Liberation Army PRC People’s Republic of China SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization SWCU Snow Wolf Commando Unit TIP Turkistan Islamic Party TJ Tablighi Jamaat TTP Tareek-e-Taliban Pakistan Pengxin 99778800223300110033005544__0011__pprreexx..iinndddd iixx 44//1155//22001100 44::0099::1177 PPMM
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