Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues PDF
Preview Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Ethics Theory and Contemporary Issues Ninth Edition Barbara MacKinnon University of San Francisco, Professor of Philosophy, Emerita Andrew Fiala California State University, Fresno, Professor of Philosophy Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues, © 2018, 2015, 2012 Cengage Learning Ninth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright Barbara MacKinnon, Andrew Fiala herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written Product Director: Paul Banks permission of the copyright owner. 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WCN 02-200-202 Contents Preface ix Ethics, Religion, and Divine History of Ethics Time Line xiii Command Theory 25 Pluralism and the Golden Rule 28 Part One ETHICAL THEORY 1 The Problem of Evil and Free Will 29 Secular Ethics and Toleration 31 —1— Ethics and Ethical Criticisms of Secularism and Global Reasoning 1 Ethics 32 READING Euthyphro • Plato 35 Why Study Ethics? 1 LettertoaChristianNation • SAM What Is Ethics? 2 HARRIS 38 Ethical and Other Types ReligionandTruth • MohandasK. of Evaluation 3 Gandhi 39 Sociobiology and the Naturalistic Review Exercises 42 Fallacy 5 Ethical Terms 6 Ethics and Reasons 7 —3— Ethical Relativism 44 Intuitionism, Emotivism, Subjectivism, Objectivism 7 Descriptive versus Normative Ethical Reasoning and Ethical Relativism 45 Arguments 9 Individual versus Cultural The Structure of Ethical Reasoning Relativism 46 and Argument 9 Strong and Weak Relativism 47 Evaluating and Making Good Reasons Supporting Ethical Arguments 10 Relativism 48 Ethical Theory 11 TheDiversityofMoralViews 48 Types of Ethical Theory 12 Tolerance and Open-Mindedness 48 Can Ethics Be Taught? 13 MoralUncertainty 48 READING Ethical Judgments and Matters of SituationalDifferences 48 Fact • DavidHume 14 EmotivismandEthics • Are These Reasons C. L. Stevenson 15 Convincing? 49 Review Exercises 19 TheDiversityofMoralViews 49 Tolerance and Open-Mindedness 50 —2— Religion and Global Moral Uncertainty 50 Ethics 20 Situational Differences 50 Is Relativism Freedom, Cosmopolitanism, and the Self-Contradictory? 51 European Enlightenment 22 Moral Realism 52 Religion, Civic Life, and Civil Moral Pluralism 53 Disobedience 24 iii ❮❮ Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 iv CONTENTS READING Who’stoJudge? • LouisPojman 55 —6— Deontological Ethics and RelativismandItsBenefits • John Immanuel Kant 114 Lachs 62 Review Exercises 67 Deontology and the Ethics of Duty 115 Immanuel Kant 117 —4— Egoism, Altruism, and the WhatIstheRightMotive? 117 Social Contract 68 WhatIstheRightThingtoDo? 118 Psychological Egoism 71 The Categorical Imperative 119 WhatIsPsychologicalEgoism? 71 The First Form 120 IsPsychologicalEgoismTrue? 72 The Second Form 121 Ethical Egoism 73 Evaluating Kant’s Moral Theory 122 WhatIsEthicalEgoism? 73 Is Ethical Egoism a Good The Nature of Moral Theory? 73 Obligation 122 TheSocialContract 75 The Application of the Categorical Imperative 122 The Moral Point of View 76 Duty 123 Why Be Moral? 77 MoralEqualityandImpartiality 123 READING TheRingofGyges • Plato 79 Perfect and Imperfect Duties 124 SelfLove • ThomasHobbes 85 Variations on Kant and The Social Contract and Deontology 125 Altruism • StevenPinker 88 READING FundamentalPrinciplesofthe Review Exercises 92 MetaphysicofMorals • Immanuel Kant 126 —5— Utilitarianism Review Exercises 137 and John Stuart Mill 93 —7— Natural Law and Human Weighing Consequences 95 Rights 138 Historical Background 96 Jeremy Bentham and John Natural Law Theory 140 Stuart Mill 96 Historical Origins 141 The Principle of Utility 97 Evaluating Natural Law Pleasure and Happiness 97 Theory 143 Calculating the Greatest Amount of Natural Rights 145 Happiness 98 Evaluating Natural Rights Quantity versus Quality Theory 146 of Pleasure 100 Is There a Human Nature? 147 Evaluating Utilitarianism 101 READING OnNaturalLaw • Thomas ApplicationofthePrinciple 101 Aquinas 149 UtilitarianismandPersonal Second Treatise of Civil Integrity 101 Government • JohnLocke 151 Ends and Means 102 Review Exercises 154 The Trolley Problem 102 Act and Rule Utilitarianism 103 —8— Virtue Ethics 155 “Proof” of the Theory 105 READING Utilitarianism • JohnStuartMill 107 Virtues and Everyday Life 156 Review Exercises 112 Aristotle 157 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 CONTENTS v VirtueasaMean 158 CombiningtheTypesof Nature,HumanNature,andthe Euthanasia 213 HumanGood 158 Making Moral Judgments About Cross-Cultural and Contemporary Euthanasia 214 Virtue Ethics 160 The Moral Significance of Evaluating Virtue Ethics 161 Voluntariness 214 READING The Nicomachean ActiveversusPassive Ethics • Aristotle 163 Euthanasia 216 Review Exercises 170 READING TheWrongfulnessofEuthanasia • J. Gay-Williams 221 ActiveandPassiveEuthanasia • James —9— Feminist Thought and Rachels 224 the Ethics of Care 171 Review Exercises 228 Discussion Cases 230 Gender in Moral Reasoning and the Ethics of Care 174 Is There a Gender Difference in —11— Abortion 231 Morality? 176 The Source of Feminine Stages of Fetal Development 233 Morality 177 Methods of Abortion 235 Evaluating Gender-Specific Abortion and the Law 237 ApproachestoMorality 178 Abortion: The Moral Question 240 Feminist Thought 179 Arguments That Do Not Depend Evaluation of Feminist Thought on the Moral Status of the and the Ethics of Care 181 Fetus 240 READING Caring • NelNoddings 184 UtilitarianReasoning 240 The Need for More Than SomeRightsArguments 241 Justice • AnnetteBaier 185 Arguments That Depend on WhatIsFeministEthics? • Hilde the Moral Status of the Lindemann 192 Fetus 242 Review Exercises 198 MethodI 242 MethodII 245 Part Two ETHICAL ISSUES 199 READING ADefenseofAbortion • JudithJarvis Thomson 251 —10— Euthanasia 199 WhyAbortionIsImmoral • Don Marquis 252 Euthanasia for Infants The Value of Choice and the Choice and the Disabled 201 to Value: Expanding the Discussion Criteria for Death 203 AboutFetalLifewithinProchoice Advocacy • BerthaAlvarez Types of Euthanasia 206 Manninen 261 ActiveandPassive Euthanasia 206 Review Exercises 275 Voluntary, Nonvoluntary, and Discussion Cases 276 InvoluntaryEuthanasia 207 AdvanceDirectives 208 Physician-AssistedSuicide 209 —12— Sexual Morality 278 PainMedicationandPalliative Sedation 211 Current Issues 280 Ordinary and Extraordinary Conceptual Problems: What Is and Measures 212 Is Not Sexual 285 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 vi CONTENTS Relevant Factual Matters 286 —14—Economic Justice 344 Sexual Morality and Ethical Economic Inequality 346 Theories 287 Poverty,Education,andHealth Consequentialist or Utilitarian Care 349 Considerations 287 Non-consequentialist Conceptions of Social Justice 350 or Deontological ProcessDistributiveJustice 352 Considerations 288 End-StateDistributive NaturalLawConsiderations 289 Justice 353 EqualOpportunity 354 Same-Sex Marriage 291 READING U.S. Supreme Court Decision June 26, Political and Economic 2015 • Obergefellv.Hodges 296 Theories 356 Law, Morality, and “Sexual Libertarianism 356 Orientation” • JohnFinnis 298 Capitalism 357 “It’sNotNatural” • JohnCorvino 306 Socialism 357 Review Exercises 307 ModernLiberalism 359 JohnRawls’sTheoryofJustice 360 Discussion Cases 308 Communitarianism 363 READING JusticeasFairness • JohnRawls 367 DistributiveJustice • Robert —13— Equality and Nozick 368 Discrimination 309 Capitalism:TheUnknownIdeal • Ayn Rand 369 Discrimination 310 EvangeliiGaudium • Pope RacialDiscrimination 311 Francis 370 The Principle of Equality 316 Review Exercises 373 Justice 316 Discussion Cases 374 SocialBenefitsandHarms 316 ProofandRealityof —15—Punishment Difference 316 RelevantDifferences 317 and the Death Penalty 375 ChallengestothePrinciple 318 The Nature of Legal Current Issues and the Law 320 Punishment 377 Profiling 322 The Deterrence Argument 378 HateCrimes 324 The Retributivist Argument 379 Affirmative Action and Preferential Punishment and Treatment 325 Responsibility 381 Consequentialist Prisons 383 Considerations 326 Race 384 Non-consequentialist RestorationandRehabilitation 385 Considerations 328 The Death Penalty 386 READING FiveFacesofOppression • IrisMarion LegalIssues 386 Young 333 Exonerations 388 Racisms • KwameAnthony RacialBiasandFairness 388 Appiah 334 Costs 389 WhitePrivilege,BlackRights • Naomi DeterrenceConsiderations 390 Zack 335 RetributivistConsiderations 391 Review Exercises 342 MercyandRestorativeJustice 392 Discussion Cases 343 HumaneExecutions 394 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 CONTENTS vii READING TheNewJimCrow • Michelle Approaches to Animal Ethics 468 Alexander 400 Sentience, Equal Consideration, ArePrisonsObsolete? • AngelaY. andAnimalWelfare 469 Davis 401 AnimalRights 472 SpeechinFavorofCapitalPunishment READING AllAnimalsAreEqual • Peter (1868) • JohnStuartMill 402 Singer 477 ATheoryofJustExecution • Lloyd TheCaseforAnimalRights • Tom Steffen 406 Regan 486 Review Exercises 415 Speciesism and the Idea of Discussion Cases 416 Equality • BonnieSteinbock 487 Review Exercises 488 —16— Environmental Ethics 417 Discussion Cases 489 The Environment and Its —18— Biotechnology and Value 419 Bioengineering 490 Anthropocentrism 420 Cost–BenefitAnalysis 421 Current Issues 492 EnvironmentalJustice 422 Athletic and Cognitive Ecocentrism 423 Enhancement 492 DeepEcology 425 StemCellResearch 493 Ecofeminism 426 Cloning 495 Genetic Engineering and Genetic Current Issues 427 Screening 496 ClimateChange 427 GeneticallyModifiedPlantsand OzoneDepletion 431 Animals 499 Waste Disposal and Legal and Ethical Issues 500 Pollution 431 WildernessPreservation 433 Athletic and Cognitive International Environmental Enhancement 501 Conventions 434 Stem Cell Research 502 GlobalJusticeandtheTragedyofthe Cloning 503 Commons 435 Genetic Engineering and Genetic Screening 506 READING PeopleorPenguins:TheCasefor Genetically Modified Organisms 509 OptimalPollution • WilliamF. Baxter 442 READING TranshumanistDeclaration • Various DeepEcology • BillDevallandGeorge Authors 514 Sessions 443 AgelessBodies,HappySouls • LeonR. Radical American Environmentalism Kass 515 andWildernessPreservation:AThird InDefenseofPosthuman WorldCritique • Ramachandra Dignity • NickBostrom 525 Guha 449 Review Exercises 526 Review Exercises 455 Discussion Cases 527 Discussion Cases 456 —19— Violence and War 528 —17— Animal Ethics 457 Realism 531 Current Issues 460 Pacifism 533 Just War Theory 534 MoralVegetarianism 460 AnimalExperimentation 463 JusadBellum 534 EndangeredSpecies 466 JusinBello 536 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 viii CONTENTS Current Issues 538 Justice 565 Rights 567 Terrorism 538 TargetedKillingandDrones 540 Practical Considerations 568 Weapons of Mass GlobalInequality 568 Destruction 542 Levels of International Aid 569 WarCrimesandUniversalHuman CausesofGlobalPoverty 570 Rights 544 SolutionsandProgress 573 Torture 546 Globalization and Its Critics 573 READING Peace • AndrewFitz-Gibbon 548 The Triumph of Just War Theory (and EconomicImpacts 574 theDangersofSuccess) • Michael CulturalDiversity 575 Walzer 554 READING The Singer Solution to World Poverty • PeterSinger 580 Review Exercises 558 LivingonaLifeboat • Garrett Discussion Cases 559 Hardin 584 Review Exercises 591 Discussion Cases 592 —20— Global Justice and Globalization 560 GLOSSARY 593 Moral Arguments About Global Poverty 563 Self-Interest 565 INDEX 603 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Preface This ninth edition of Ethics: Theory and Contem- This edition offers expanded and continued cov- pppooorrraaarrryyy IIIssssssuuueeesss ccoonnttaaiinnss aa ssuubbssttaannttiiaall rreevviissiioonn ooff tthhee erage of the following topics: global (non-Western) text and extensive update of the empirical mate- philosophy and religion, the prisoner’s dilemma rial contained in the chapters focused on contem- and the tragedy of the commons, social justice and porary issues. Andrew Fiala joined as coauthor on eeecccooonnnooommmiiiccc iiinnneeeqqquuuaaallliiitttyyy,,, mmmaaassssss iiinnncccaaarrrccceeerrraaatttiiiooonnn aaannnddd dddeeecccaaarrr-- the eighth edition. In the ninth edition, we have ceration, restorative justice, environmental justice, included new learning apparatus, especially tables biotechnology and bioengineering, gene editing, that outline possible moral positions with regard vegetarianism and the ethics of hunting, circuses, to the issues considered. As in past editions, each race and racism, pacifism, gay marriage, global pov- chapter begins with a detailed, accessible intro- erty, LGBT and transgender issues, Black Lives Mat- duction that prepares the student to read accom- ter, Syrian refugees, the precautionary principle, and panying selections from important and influential climate change. This edition includes some famil- philosophers. The book remains a comprehensive iar readings from previous editions and some new introduction to ethics in theory and practice. It also additions. In some cases, older readings have been continues to emphasize pedagogy through clear shortened to make room for new readings and short summaries, engaging examples, and various study excerpts by a more diverse set of authors, includ- tools—such as review exercises and discussion ing some emerging voices. New readings include: cases. Each chapter begins with a list of learning John Lachs on relativism, Hilde Lindemann on femi- objectives, and the book ends with an extensive nism, a new essay on abortion by Bertha Alvarez glossary of key terms. Manninen, U.S. Supreme Court Obergefell Deci- sion, Naomi Zack on Black Lives Matter, Iris Marion ADDITIONS AND CHANGES Young’s “Five Faces of Oppression,” Pope Francis Although the basic elements remain the same, this and Ayn Rand on economic issues, Michelle Alex- new ninth edition includes the following additions ander on the New Jim Crow, Tom Regan on ani- and changes from the eighth edition. Each chapter mal rights, the Transhumanist declaration, Andrew in Part I has been revised to focus on readability. All Fitz-Gibbon on peace, and Garret Hardin on global introductory and empirical material in each chapter poverty. in Part II has been updated to incorporate the latest Key Elements information about contemporary issues and current affairs. These updates include recent statistics, rel- Each chapter of Ethics: Theory and Contempo- evant cases, and contemporary examples. rrraaarrryyy IIIssssssuuueeesss ccoonnttaaiinnss aann eexxtteennddeedd ssuummmmaarryy ooff kkeeyy ix ❮❮ Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
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