Table Of Content

Ethics of Spying A Reader for the Intelligence Professional Edited by Jan Goldman The Scarecrow Press, Inc. • • Lanham, Maryland Toronto Oxford 2006 .................15649$ $$FM 06-01-1113:33:24 PS PAGEi SCARECROWPRESS,INC. PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica byScarecrowPress,Inc. Awhollyownedsubsidiaryof TheRowman&LittlefieldPublishingGroup,Inc. 4501ForbesBoulevard,Suite200,Lanham,Maryland20706 www.scarecrowpress.com POBox317 Oxford OX29RU,UK Copyright(cid:2)2006byJanGoldman Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyany means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise, withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationInformationAvailable LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Ethicsofspying:areaderfortheintelligenceprofessional/editedby JanGoldman. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferences. ISBN0-8108-5640-9(pbk.:alk.paper) 1.Espionage—Moralandethicalaspects. 2.Espionage,American—Moral andethicalaspects. 3.Intelligenceservice—Moralandethicalaspects. 4. Intelligenceservice—UnitedStates—Moralandethicalaspects. 5.Military interrogation—UnitedStates—Moralandethicalaspects.6.Spies— Professionalethics. 7.Politicalethics—UnitedStates. I.Goldman,Jan. JF1525.I6E895 2006 172(cid:2).4—dc22 2005031311 (cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:4) Thepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsof AmericanNationalStandardforInformationSciences—PermanenceofPaperfor PrintedLibraryMaterials,ANSI/NISOZ39.48–1992.Manufacturedinthe UnitedStatesofAmerica. Allstatementsoffact,opinion,oranalysisexpressedinthesearticlesarethoseof theauthors.Theydonotnecessarilyreflectofficialpositionsorviewsofthe DepartmentofDefenseoranyotherU.S.governmententity,pastorpresent. Nothinginthisbook’scontentshouldbeconstruedasassertingorimplyingthe U.S.government’sendorsementofanarticle’sfactualstatementsand interpretations. .................15649$ $$FM 06-01-1113:33:25 PS PAGEii To Reta, For helping me figure out right from wrong, and everything in between. .................15649$ $$FM 06-01-1113:33:25 PS PAGEiii .................15649$ $$FM 06-01-1113:33:25 PS PAGEiv Contents Foreword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xv Part1: EthicsandtheIntelligenceCommunity 1 EthicsandIntelligence 1 J.E.DrexelGodfrey 2 IntelligenceEthics 18 R.V.Jones 3 EthicsandMoralityinU.S.SecretIntelligence 39 ArthurS.HulnickandDavidW.Mattausch 4 TheNeedforImprovement:Integrity,Ethics,andtheCIA 52 KentPekel 5 BungeeJumpingofftheMoralHighground:Ethicsof EspionageintheModernAge 66 TonyPfaff Part2: EthicsandIntelligenceCollectionandAnalysis 6 MoralDamageandtheJustificationofIntelligenceCollection fromHumanSources 104 JohnP.Langan,S.J. 7 IntelligenceCollectionandAnalysis:DilemmasandDecisions 114 JohnB.ChomeauandAnneC.Rudolph v .................15649$ CNTS 06-01-1113:33:28 PS PAGEv vi Contents 8 AnEthicalDefenseofTortureinInterrogation 126 FritzAllhoff 9 InterrogationEthicsintheContextofIntelligenceCollection 141 MichaelSkerker 10 GuardingagainstPoliticization:AMessagetoAnalysts 171 RobertM.Gates 11 Memorandum:OnePersonCanMakeaDifference 185 VeteranIntelligenceProfessionalsforSanity(VIPS)and AndrewWilkie 12 TheEthicsofWar,Spying,andCompulsoryTraining 190 J.E.Roscoe,Rev. Part3: EthicsandCovertAction 13 LegitimacyofCovertAction:SortingouttheMoral Responsibilities 193 LincolnP.BloomfieldJr. 14 CovertInterventionasaMoralProblem 206 CharlesR.Beitz 15 ‘‘RepugnantPhilosophy’’:Ethics,Espionage,andCovert Action 221 DavidL.Perry 16 ManagingCovertPoliticalAction:GuidepostsfromJustWar Theory 248 JamesA.Barry 17 EthicsofCovertOperations 266 LochK.Johnson 18 MilitaryandCivilianPerspectivesontheEthicsofIntelligence: ReportonaWorkshopattheDepartmentofPhilosophy 300 JeanMariaArrigo Part4: RelatedProfessions 19 Sociology:EthicsofCovertMethods 314 RogerHoman 20 Commenton‘‘TheEthicsofCovertMethods’’ 329 MartinBulmer 21 Science:AnthropologistsasSpies 336 DavidPrice .................15649$ CNTS 06-01-1113:33:29 PS PAGEvi Contents vii 22 Business:EthicalIssuesinCompetitiveIntelligencePractice 343 LindaK.TrevinoandGaryR.Weaver 23 Business:TheChallengeofCompletelyEthicalCompetitive Intelligenceandthe‘‘CHIP’’Model 362 DarrenCharters AppendixA:Principles,Creeds,Codes,andValues 379 AppendixB:CaseStudies 394 Contributors 409 .................15649$ CNTS 06-01-1113:33:29 PS PAGEvii .................15649$ CNTS 06-01-1113:33:29 PS PAGEviii Foreword Clandestine intelligence gathering, covert action, torture, and targeted kill- ing—allaredramaticyetfamiliarthemestoseasonedobserversofworldhis- tory and international conflict. Over the centuries, rules governing such activities have evolved and restraints have been developed to regulate these darkeraspectsofhumanconflict. ForAmericans,reconcilingsecretactivityanddemocracyhasbeenalong struggle.ThelastmajorpublicpointofreferencewastheChurchCommittee hearingsofthe1970s.Theresultofthisinvestigationintopastpracticeswas anewsetofprocedures,standards,andlimits. But the norms that seemed settled since the 1970s are now under stress. Thenewpressures ofthepost-September11,2001, securityenvironment havecompelleda rethinking of thedutiesand restraints that have guided AmericanforeignpolicysincetheendoftheColdWar. Wheredoesonegoforguidanceonthetoughmoralchoicesthatconfront us today? How do we calculate the trade-offs that are demanded by the imperfect world in which we live? How do we evaluate the institutional arrangements oftoday’s intelligencecommunity andthe actions ofthose professionalswhomustactwithinitssystem? Surprisingly, there is no central address for reflection on the ethical dimensionsoftheintelligenceprofession.Untilnow,therehasbeennotext- bookcataloguingthekeythemesandshowcasingthebestideas. Withthisbook, ProfessorJan Goldmanhas createda centralreference pointforethicsintheintelligenceprofession.Intelligenceprofessionalswill recognizeitasvitalfortheirpersonalandprofessionaldevelopment.Awider audienceofconcernedcitizenswillbenefittoo.Readerswillfindacompila- tionofthebestworkofthepastgeneration—allinoneeasilyaccessibleand highlyreadablevolume. Many of the articles in this book address the systemic problem inherent ix .................15649$ FRWD 06-01-1113:33:30 PS PAGEix