Ethics in Science: Ethical Misconduct in Scientific Research PDF
Preview Ethics in Science: Ethical Misconduct in Scientific Research
Ethics in Science Ethics in Science Ethical Misconduct in Scientific Research Second Edition John G. D’Angelo Alfred University CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-03542-3 (Paperback) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-39244-1 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com This book is dedicated to all of those who have supported me in everything I’ve done. Without each of you, I am nothing. Contents Introduction to the First Edition ...............................................................................xi Introduction to the Second Edition ........................................................................xiii About the Author .....................................................................................................xv PART A Overview of Ethics Violations Chapter 1 Research Misconduct: What Is It, Why Does It Happen, and How Do We Identify When It Happens? ..............................................3 What Constitutes Scientific Misconduct? ............................................4 Crimes against Science ........................................................................4 Falsifying and Fabricating of Data You’ve Collected .....................4 What Is It? ...................................................................................4 Why Does It Happen? .................................................................6 How Is It Caught? .......................................................................7 Deliberate Omission of Known Data that Doesn’t Agree with Your Hypotheses .............................................................................7 What Is It? ...................................................................................7 Why Does It Happen? .................................................................8 How Is It Caught? .......................................................................8 Misrepresenting Others’ Previous Works ........................................9 What Is It? ...................................................................................9 Why Does It Happen? .................................................................9 How Is It Caught? .......................................................................9 Intentional Negligence in Acknowledgment of the Previous Works .............................................................................................10 What Is It? .................................................................................10 Why Does It Happen? ...............................................................11 How Is It Caught? .....................................................................11 Crimes against Other Researchers .....................................................12 Passing Off Another Researcher’s Data as One’s Own .................12 What Is It? .................................................................................12 Why Does It Happen? ...............................................................15 How Is It Caught? .....................................................................15 Publication of Results without Consent of All the Authors ..........16 What Is It? .................................................................................16 Why Does It Happen? ...............................................................17 How Is It Caught? .....................................................................18 Failure to Acknowledge All the Researchers Who Performed the Work ........................................................................................18 vii viii Contents What Is It? .................................................................................18 Why Does It Happen? ...............................................................20 How Is It Caught? .....................................................................20 Authorship and Intellectual Property .......................................20 Repeated Publication of Too Similar Results ................................21 What Is It? .................................................................................21 Why Does It Happen? ...............................................................22 How Is It Caught? .....................................................................23 Breach of Confidentiality ..............................................................23 What Is It? .................................................................................23 Why Does It Happen? ...............................................................24 How Is It Caught? .....................................................................25 Other Types of Violations ..................................................................25 Conflict of Interest Issues ..............................................................25 What Is It? .................................................................................25 Why Does It Happen? ...............................................................27 How Is It Caught? .....................................................................28 Violations During Peer Review .....................................................28 Citations and Professional Societies ..............................................29 Citations in Manuscripts ...........................................................29 Professional Societies ...............................................................29 Living Research Subjects ..............................................................30 Bad Ethics vs. Bad Science ................................................................30 New Results That Prove Old Results Wrong ......................................32 The Whistleblower’s Dilemma ......................................................33 Wrapping Up .................................................................................34 Chapter 2 What Are the Penalties for Committing Research Misconduct? .......35 Human or Animal Subjects ................................................................42 Wrapping Up ......................................................................................43 Chapter 3 Peer Review: What Is It and What Is Its Role in Scientific Misconduct? .......................................................................................45 Web 2.0 and Peer Review ...................................................................51 Revisiting Vlad and Frank .................................................................52 Can Peer Reviewers Be Unethical? ....................................................52 Wrapping Up ......................................................................................53 Chapter 4 What Constitutes Responsible Conduct from the Point of View of Human/Animal Subjects in Research?...........................................55 Personnel ............................................................................................63 Environmental Enrichment ................................................................63 Housing ..............................................................................................63 Contents ix Biosecurity .........................................................................................64 Biocontainment ..................................................................................64 Wrapping Up ......................................................................................67 Chapter 5 The Ethics of the Pharmaceutical Industry ........................................69 The Approval of a Drug .....................................................................70 Categories of Drugs ............................................................................72 Orphan Drugs and Rare Disease ...................................................72 Neglected Tropical Disease ...........................................................73 Fast Track ......................................................................................73 Breakthrough Therapy ..................................................................74 Priority Review ..............................................................................75 Accelerated Approval ....................................................................76 Direct-to-Consumer Advertising ........................................................76 Wrapping Up ......................................................................................78 Chapter 6 Science and the Public .......................................................................79 Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Autism ..............................................79 Climategate ........................................................................................80 HIV Vaccine .......................................................................................80 Animal Rights Groups .......................................................................81 Bernard Kettlewell .............................................................................81 The Electromagnetic Field and High-Tension Power Lines ...............82 Fracking and Pollution .......................................................................82 Other Considerations ..........................................................................83 The Use of Celebrities to Engineer Consent or Sell Products ............84 Science and the Environment .............................................................85 Wrapping Up ......................................................................................87 Chapter 7 The Role of Government in Science and Scientific Misconduct ........89 Wrapping Up ......................................................................................93 Chapter 8 Is There Research That Shouldn’t Be Done Because It Is too Dangerous? .........................................................................................95 Wrapping Up ......................................................................................99 Chapter 9 (How) Can We Prevent Scientific Misconduct? ...............................101 Intentional Negligence in Acknowledgment of Previous Work Done .......................................................................................101 Deliberate Fabrication of Data .........................................................102
The list of books you might like
