Ethics for radiation protection in medicine PDF
Preview Ethics for radiation protection in medicine
Ethics for Radiation Protection in Medicine Series in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Series Editors John G. Webster, E. Russell Ritenour, Slavik Tabakov, and Kwan Hoong Ng Recent books in the series: Handbook of X-ray Imaging: Physics and Technology Paolo Russo (Ed) Quantitative MRI of the Brain: Principles of Physical Measurement, Second Edition Mara Cercignani, Nicholas G. Dowell, Paul S. Tofts (Eds) Graphics Processing Unit-Based High Performance Computing in Radiation Therapy Xun Jia, Steve B. Jiang (Eds) A Guide to Outcome Modeling In Radiotherapy and Oncology: Listening to the Data Issam El Naqa (Ed) Radiotherapy and Clinical Radiobiology of Head and Neck Cancer Loredana G. Marcu, Iuliana Toma-Dasu, Alexandru Dasu, Claes Mercke Advances in Particle Therapy: A Multidisciplinary Approach Manjit Dosanjh, Jacques Bernier (Eds) Problems and Solutions in Medical Physics: Diagnostic Imaging Physics Kwan Hoong Ng, Jeannie Hsiu Ding Wong, Geoffrey D. Clarke Advances and Emerging Technologies in Radiation Oncology Physics Siyong Kim, John Wong Clinical Radiotherapy Physics with MATLAB: A Problem- Solving Approach Pavel Dvorak For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.crcpress. com/Series-in-Medical-Physics-and-Biomedical- Engineering/book-series/ CHMEPHBIOENG K43284_TitlePage.indd 3 08/01/18 1:08:16 PM Series in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Ethics for Radiation Series Editors John G. Webster, E. Russell Ritenour, Slavik Protection in Medicine Tabakov, and Kwan Hoong Ng Recent books in the series: Handbook of X-ray Imaging: Physics and Technology Paolo Russo (Ed) Quantitative MRI of the Brain: Principles of Physical Measurement, Second Edition Mara Cercignani, Nicholas G. Dowell, Paul S. Tofts (Eds) Graphics Processing Unit-Based High Performance Computing in Radiation Therapy Xun Jia, Steve B. Jiang (Eds) A Guide to Outcome Modeling In Radiotherapy and Oncology: Listening to the Data Issam El Naqa (Ed) Radiotherapy and Clinical Radiobiology of Head and Neck Cancer Jim Malone Loredana G. Marcu, Iuliana Toma-Dasu, Alexandru Dasu, Claes Mercke Friedo Zölzer Advances in Particle Therapy: A Multidisciplinary Approach Gaston Meskens Manjit Dosanjh, Jacques Bernier (Eds) Christina Skourou Problems and Solutions in Medical Physics: Diagnostic Imaging Physics Kwan Hoong Ng, Jeannie Hsiu Ding Wong, Geoffrey D. Clarke Advances and Emerging Technologies in Radiation Oncology Physics Siyong Kim, John Wong Clinical Radiotherapy Physics with MATLAB: A Problem- Solving Approach Pavel Dvorak For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.crcpress. com/Series-in-Medical-Physics-and-Biomedical- Engineering/book-series/ CHMEPHBIOENG K43284_TitlePage.indd 3 08/01/18 1:08:16 PM Front cover image: Arnaldo Pomodoro. Sfera con sfera, 1982–1983. Bronze, ø 200 cm. Copyright of the artist. All rights reserved. Collection of Trinity College Dublin. Photo by Lilly Markovic. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-1385-5388-0 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor- age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy- right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photo- copy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Front cover image: Arnaldo Pomodoro. Sfera con sfera, 1982–1983. Bronze, ø 200 cm. Copyright of the artist. All rights reserved. Collection of Trinity College Dublin. Photo by Lilly Markovic. Contents About the Series xi Preface xv Authors xix CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 CHAPTER 1 ◾ I ntroduction 1 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 © 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business 1.2 SOCIETAL ISSUES AND THE HEALTH SECTOR 2 No claim to original U.S. Government works 1.3 CULTURE AND PROFESSIONS 4 Printed on acid-free paper 1.4 RADIATION IN MEDICINE 6 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-1385-5388-0 (Hardback) 1.5 SCOPE 9 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot CHAPTER 2 ◾ Ethics for Radiation Protection in assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and Medicine: Framework and Multicultural publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any Considerations 11 copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. 2.1 ETHICAL ASPECTS OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 11 Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or 2.2 COMPARISON WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor- age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. BIOMEDICAL ETHICS 13 For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy- 2.3 CLASSICAL ETHICAL THEORIES AS A BASIS 15 right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- 2.4 THE NEED FOR A CROSS-CULTURAL APPROACH 17 vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photo- copy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. 2.5 CROSS-CULTURAL ETHICS, OR COMMON MORALITY 19 Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. 2.6 THE VALUES 21 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com 2.6.1 Respect for Autonomy 21 and the CRC Press Web site at 2.6.2 Non-Maleficence and Beneficence 22 http://www.crcpress.com v vi ◾ Contents 2.6.3 Justice 23 2.6.4 Prudence 24 2.6.5 Transparency 25 2.7 THE IMPORTANCE OF BALANCING 26 2.8 THE ‘PRAGMATIC VALUE SET’ 27 CHAPTER 3 ◾ The Pragmatic Value Set: Contexts and Application to Radiation Protection in Medicine 31 3.1 INTRODUCTION 31 3.2 SCENE SETTING 32 3.2.1 Uncertainty, Communication, Risk and Sceptical Doctors 32 3.2.2 ICRP Recommendations and Medical Exposures 35 3.2.3 Regulation of Medical Exposures and Radiation Protection of Patients 40 3.2.4 Radiation Protection of Patients in Radiotherapy 45 3.3 THE PRAGMATIC SET IN MEDICAL/DENTAL PRACTICE 47 3.3.1 Dignity and Autonomy 49 3.3.2 Non-Maleficence and Beneficence 52 3.3.3 Justice 53 3.3.4 Prudence 55 3.3.5 Honesty 57 3.4 CONCLUSIONS 57 CHAPTER 4 ◾ Ethics Analysis of Imaging Scenarios 61 4.1 INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY 61 4.2 SCENARIOS 63 4.2.1 Scenario 1: Professor Browne, Orthopaedic Surgeon 63 4.2.2 Scenario 2: Mr Grey, Ultrasound Referral 64 4.2.3 Scenario 3: Dr Pine, Paediatric Radiologist 65 4.2.4 Scenario 4: Mr Viridian, Mistake in Referral 67 4.2.5 Scenario 5: CT Dose Dilemma 69 Contents ◾ vii 4.3 SCENARIOS: SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PREGNANT PATIENTS 70 4.3.1 Scenario 6: Ms Violet, Pregnant Patient 71 4.3.2 Scenario 7: Ms Magenta, Pregnant Patient 73 4.4 SCENARIOS: SPECIAL SITUATIONS: IHA, NON-MEDICAL EXPOSURES AND EQUIPMENT FAILURE 74 4.4.1 Scenario 8: Dr Salmon, Cardiologist in Private Practice 74 4.4.2 Scenario 9: Ms Auburn, Drug Smuggling Suspect 76 4.4.3 Scenario 10: Failed Equipment 79 4.5 CONCLUSIONS 81 CHAPTER 5 ◾ Ethics Analysis of Radiotherapy Scenarios 83 5.1 INTRODUCTION 83 5.2 ASPECTS OF SCENARIOS AND METHODOLOGY 85 5.3 SCENARIOS 88 5.3.1 Scenario 1: Dr Loeen, Imaging Frequency 88 5.3.2 Scenario 2: Mr Wilson, A Patient’s Right to Choose His Treatment 89 5.3.3 Scenario 3: Dr Celadon, Consent 91 5.3.4 Scenario 4: Mr Catreuse, Who Bears the Responsibility? 92 5.3.5 Scenario 5: Dr Oxley, Clinical Trials 94 5.3.6 Scenario 6: Ms Thomson, Patient Prioritisation 96 5.3.7 Scenario 7: Ms Payne, Choice of Treatment Technique 97 5.3.8 Scenario 8: Dr Alizarin, To Treat or Not To Treat 98 5.3.9 Scenario 9: Dr Garnet, Introduction of a New Technique 100 5.3.10 Scenario 10: Ms Perylene, What Nobody Knows 101 5.4 CONCLUSION 103 viii ◾ Contents CHAPTER 6 ◾ Extension of the Pragmatic Value Set 105 6.1 INTRODUCTION 105 6.2 A MORE COMPLETE SET OF VALUES FOR RADIATION PROTECTION 108 6.2.1 Dignity 108 6.2.2 Solidarity 109 6.2.3 Sustainability 110 6.2.4 Accountability 111 6.2.5 Inclusiveness 112 6.2.6 Empathy 113 6.2.7 Summary 113 6.3 THE EXTENDED LIST AND SCENARIOS FROM CHAPTERS 4 AND 5 115 6.3.1 Dignity in Earlier Scenarios 115 6.3.2 Solidarity in Earlier Scenarios 117 6.3.3 Sustainability in Earlier Scenarios 118 6.3.4 Accountability in Earlier Scenarios 119 6.3.5 Inclusiveness in Earlier Scenarios 120 6.3.6 Empathy in Earlier Scenarios 121 6.4 CONCLUSION 122 CHAPTER 7 ◾ Reflections on Uncertainty, Risk and Fairness 123 7.1 ETHICS, FAIRNESS AND TRUST: THE IDEA OF FAIR RISK GOVERNANCE 123 7.1.1 Understanding Risk-Inherent Technology, from an Ethics Perspective 123 7.1.2 Justifying Risk: Concepts of Fairness and the Idea of Intellectual Solidarity 126 7.1.3 Three Reflections Re: Ethics, Fairness and Trust in Relation to Risk Governance 133 Contents ◾ ix 7.2 AN ETHICS OF CARE FOR FAIR HEALTH RISK GOVERNANCE 136 7.2.1 Reflexivity/Intellectual Solidarity as Ethical Attitudes in Face of Complexity 136 7.2.2 An Ethics of Care, ‘Bound in Complexity’ 138 7.2.3 Enabling Virtues: Intellectual Solidarity in Decision Making, Science and Education 142 7.3 CONSEQUENCES FOR RADIOLOGICAL RISK GOVERNANCE 147 7.3.1 The Importance of Considering Different Neutral Application Contexts 147 7.3.2 Enabling Values in Radiological Risk Governance 148 7.3.3 The Justice of Justification as a Central Concern 149 AFTERWORD 153 REFERENCES 157 APPENDIX 173 INDEX 175
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