Ethics Education for Irregular Warfare (Military and Defence Ethics)

184 Pages·2009·2.73 MB·English

by  Don Carrick

Ethics Education for
Irregular Warfare
Edited by
Don Carrick, James Connelly and Paul Robinson
Ethics Education for irrEgular WarfarE
Military and defence Ethics
Series Editors
don carrick – Project director of the Military Ethics Education network based
in the institute of applied Ethics at the university of hull.
James connelly – Professor of Politics and international studies, director of the
institute of applied Ethics, and Project leader of the Military Ethics Education
network at the university of hull.
Paul robinson – Professor in Public and international affairs
at the university of ottawa.
george lucas – Professor of Philosophy and director of navy and national
Programs in the stockdale center for Ethical leadership at the us naval
academy, annapolis M, usa.
there is an urgent and growing need for all those involved in matters of national
defence – from policy makers to armaments manufacturers to members of the armed
forces – to behave, and to be seen to behave, ethically. the ethical dimensions of
making decisions and taking action in the defence arena are the subject of intense
and ongoing media interest and public scrutiny. it is vital that all those involved
be given the benefit of the finest possible advice and support. Such advice is best
sought from those who have great practical experience or theoretical wisdom (or
both) in their particular field and publication of their work in this series will ensure
that it is readily accessible to all who need it.
Ethics Education for
irregular Warfare
Edited by
don carrick
University of Hull, UK
JaMEs connElly
University of Hull, UK
Paul robinson
University of Ottawa, Canada
© don carrick, James connelly and Paul robinson 2009
all rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
don carrick, James connelly and Paul robinson have asserted their right under the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work.
Published by
ashgate Publishing limited ashgate Publishing company
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union road 101 cherry street
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Ethics education for irregular warfare. -- (Military and
defence ethics)
1. Military ethics--study and teaching. 2. asymmetric
warfare--Moral and ethical aspects--study and teaching.
i. series ii. carrick, don. iii. connelly, James.
iV. robinson, Paul, 1966-
174.9'355'00711-dc22
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ethics education for irregular warfare / edited by don carrick, James connelly, and Paul
robinson.
p. cm. -- (Military and defence ethics)
includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-0-7546-7700-0 -- isbn 978-0-7546-9400-7
(ebook) 1. Military ethics--study and teaching. 2. asymmetric warfare--Moral and
ethical aspects. 3. counterinsurgency--Moral and ethical aspects. 4. low intensity
conflicts (Military science)--Moral and ethical aspects. I. Carrick, Don. II. Connelly,
James. iii. robinson, Paul.
u22.E8305 2009
172'.42--dc22
2009011779
isbn 978-0-7546-7700-0 (HBk)
Eisbn 978-0-7546-9400-7 (EBk.V)
contents
Notes on Contributors vii
Foreword – George R. Lucas, Jr ix
1 introduction: Ethics Education for irregular Warfare 1
Paul Robinson
PaRt 1 thE thEoREtICaL BaCkgRounD
2 Preserving soldiers’ Moral character in
counter-insurgency operations 15
H.R. McMaster
3 the Philosophical Warrior 27
Alexander Moseley
4 culture centric Warfare: the Moral dynamics 41
Patrick Mileham
PaRt 2 oPERatIonaL IssuEs
5 Preventing torture in counter-insurgency operations 57
Jessica Wolfendale
6 the fall of the Warrior king: situational Ethics in iraq 75
Paul Robinson
7 Military Ethics of facing fellow citizens:
idf Preparations for disengagement 87
Asa Kasher
PaRt 3 PEDagogICaL IssuEs
8 teaching Military Ethics in the united states air force:
challenges Posed by service culture 107
Martin Cook
vi Ethics Education for Irregular Warfare
9 counter-insurgency Ethics at the royal
Military academy sandhurst 119
Stephen Deakin
10 international law and the Ethics of War at the uk
Joint services command and staff college 133
David Whetham
11 Ethics Education for operations other than War:
the dutch approach 145
Peter Olsthoorn
Index 159
notes on contributors
Don Carrick is Project director of the Military Ethics Education network based
in the institute of applied Ethics at the university if hull. he was for many years
a lawyer in private practice. he currently teaches jurisprudence at the university
of hull and medical ethics at the university of leeds, and is working on a doctoral
thesis in military ethics. he co-edited Ethics Education in the Military (ashgate
2008) with Paul robinson and nigel de lee and contributed a chapter to the
volume.
James Connelly is Professor of Politics and international studies at the university
of hull. he is Project leader of the Military Ethics Education network and director
of the institute of applied Ethics at the university of hull. he has published widely
on ethics, political theory and environmental politics.
Martin Cook is Professor of Philosophy and deputy department head at the
united states air force academy. Prior to that, he was Professor of Ethics in the
department of command, leadership and Management of the united states army
War college in carlisle, Pennsylvania in 1998, and was awarded the Elihu root
chair in Military studies in 2001.
stephen Deakin has taught for many years at the royal Military academy
sandhurst and has a particular interest in military ethics, leadership, management,
and civil-military relations.
asa kasher is a senior research associate of the israeli defence force (idf)
college of national defense. he has also taught military ethics in other idEf
colleges. he is the Vice-chair of the Jerusalem centre for Ethics and also an
Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at tel aviv university, where he held until
recently the chair of Professional Ethics and Philosophy of Practice. he won the
Prize of israel for general philosophy 2000.
george Lucas is Professor of Philosophy and director of navy and national
Programs in the Vice admiral James b. stockdale center for Ethical leadership
at the united states naval academy (annapolis). he is also Visiting Professor of
Ethics at the naval Postgraduate school (Monterey, ca), and research associate at
the center for Ethics research (crEc) at the french Military academy, saint-cyr.
from 1990 through 1995, he was assistant director of the division of research
Programs at the national Endowment for the humanities in Washington dc.
viii Ethics Education for Irregular Warfare
h.R. McMaster is a US Army officer. He commanded a cavalry troop during
the 1991 gulf War and an armoured cavalry regiment during counter-insurgency
operations in iraq from 2005 to 2006. he holds a Phd in history from the
university of north carolina at chapel hill. he has written broadly on military
affairs and international security and is author of Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon
Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the lies that led to
Vietnam (harpercollins 1997). McMaster has taught military history at the united
states Military academy at West Point and is a senior consulting fellow at the
international institute for strategic studies.
Patrick Mileham, a graduate of cambridge and lancaster universities,
experienced active service with the british army in south arabia and northern
ireland. between 1992 and 2006 he held a number of university posts. With many
publications, notably on military ethics and professionalism, he is now a defence
analyst working for the Ministry of defence and other institutions, with interests in
security sector reform in nations such as ukraine and colombia.
alexander Moseley is the author of A Philosophy of War (algora Publishing 2002)
and An Introduction to Political Philosophy (continuum Press 2007) and co-editor
with richard norma of Human Rights and Military Intervention (ashgate 2002).
after lecturing at the university of Evansville he founded a private educational
company which he now runs with his wife. he has authored two philosophical-
adventure novels under the nom-de-plume William Ventnor.
Peter olsthoorn is assistant Professor of sociology at the netherlands defence
academy, where he teaches on ethics. he is the author of a number of articles on
military virtues such as honour, courage and loyalty.
Paul Robinson is Professor in Public and international affairs at the university of
ottawa. he is the author of numerous works on military history, military ethics and
defence policy, including Just War in Comparative Perspective (ashgate 2003) and
Military Honour and the Conduct of War: From Ancient Greece to Iraq (routledge
2006). He has served as an officer in both the British and Canadian armies.
David Whetham joined the defence studies department of king’s college london
in 2003, such department being based at the Joint services command and staff
college in the uk defence academy. his main research interest is focused on the
ethical dimensions of warfare and the development of the laws of war.
Jessica Wolfendale is an australian research council Post-doctoral research
fellow at the centre for applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at the university
of Melbourne. she has published on military ethics, moral philosophy and the
ethics of torture. she is the author of Torture and the Military Profession (Palgrave
Macmillan 2007).
foreword: ‘this is not your father’s War’
george r. lucas, Jr
on tuesday november 4, 2008, Paula lloyd, assigned to us army team af-4
blue, was conducting interviews among the local population in the small village
of chehel gazi in southern afghanistan. according to witnesses, she approached a
man carrying a fuel jug and they began discussing the price of gasoline. suddenly
the man, Abdul Salam, doused her with the fuel in his jug and set her on fire. She
suffered second- and third-degree burns over 60 percent of her body. lloyd died
of her injuries two months later. her team mate, don ayala, deliberately shot and
killed salam after having apprehended him and taken him into custody. ayala,
in turn, was arrested and placed in detention at bagram air base, pending a full
investigation of possible charges of wrongful killing of a civilian noncombatant.
lloyd was not an american soldier. she was a civilian social scientist, part of
the ‘human terrain systems’ (hts) project that col. h.r. McMaster describes in
his chapter for this volume on ‘irregular warfare’. her circumstances were indeed
far from ‘regular’. she had been embedded with army brigade combat teams
in afghanistan to gather cultural intelligence, provide regional knowledge and
orientation, and interpret the customs of indigenous peoples to us commanders
in order to mitigate conflict and minimize the kinds of misunderstandings that
can lead to ill will, unwarranted violence, or inadvertent killings (lucas 2009).
her presence as a civilian alongside combat personnel in contested areas of
armed conflict – driven in turn by their need for reliable cultural understanding
and accurate regional knowledge as well as linguistic skills to complement their
technical prowess in war-fighting – is all part of a revolution that has transformed,
and will continue to transform the nature of warfare in the twenty-first century.
accordingly, we might ask, how adequately and thoroughly are we presently
equipping our officers and enlisted, both through their professional military
education and through their general (liberal) education, to develop the requisite
capacities to cope with this transformation, and to meet these novel requirements
of the postmodern battlefield?
Ms lloyd was, for her part, recruited in the us, hired, trained for four
months at a special facility at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and, finally, deployed
to a combat zone in afghanistan by a private military contractor, baE systems,
inc., headquartered in the united kingdom. baE systems (formerly ‘british
Aerospace’) is a large, multinational defence contractor with major offices in South
africa, sweden, saudi arabia, australia, and the us. until comparatively recently,
it specialized in the sale and maintenance of sophisticated military hardware and