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Ethics Education for Irregular Warfare (Military and Defence Ethics) PDF

184 Pages·2009·2.73 MB·English
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Ethics Education for Irregular Warfare Edited by Don Carrick, James Connelly and Paul Robinson Ethics Education for irrEgular WarfarE Military and defence Ethics Series Editors don carrick – Project director of the Military Ethics Education network based in the institute of applied Ethics at the university of hull. James connelly – Professor of Politics and international studies, director of the institute of applied Ethics, and Project leader of the Military Ethics Education network at the university of hull. Paul robinson – Professor in Public and international affairs at the university of ottawa. george lucas – Professor of Philosophy and director of navy and national Programs in the stockdale center for Ethical leadership at the us naval academy, annapolis M, usa. there is an urgent and growing need for all those involved in matters of national defence – from policy makers to armaments manufacturers to members of the armed forces – to behave, and to be seen to behave, ethically. the ethical dimensions of making decisions and taking action in the defence arena are the subject of intense and ongoing media interest and public scrutiny. it is vital that all those involved be given the benefit of the finest possible advice and support. Such advice is best sought from those who have great practical experience or theoretical wisdom (or both) in their particular field and publication of their work in this series will ensure that it is readily accessible to all who need it. Ethics Education for irregular Warfare Edited by don carrick University of Hull, UK JaMEs connElly University of Hull, UK Paul robinson University of Ottawa, Canada © don carrick, James connelly and Paul robinson 2009 all rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. don carrick, James connelly and Paul robinson have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work. Published by ashgate Publishing limited ashgate Publishing company Wey court East suite 420 union road 101 cherry street farnham burlington surrey, gu9 7Pt Vt 05401-4405 England usa www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Ethics education for irregular warfare. -- (Military and defence ethics) 1. Military ethics--study and teaching. 2. asymmetric warfare--Moral and ethical aspects--study and teaching. i. series ii. carrick, don. iii. connelly, James. iV. robinson, Paul, 1966- 174.9'355'00711-dc22 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ethics education for irregular warfare / edited by don carrick, James connelly, and Paul robinson. p. cm. -- (Military and defence ethics) includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-7546-7700-0 -- isbn 978-0-7546-9400-7 (ebook) 1. Military ethics--study and teaching. 2. asymmetric warfare--Moral and ethical aspects. 3. counterinsurgency--Moral and ethical aspects. 4. low intensity conflicts (Military science)--Moral and ethical aspects. I. Carrick, Don. II. Connelly, James. iii. robinson, Paul. u22.E8305 2009 172'.42--dc22 2009011779 isbn 978-0-7546-7700-0 (HBk) Eisbn 978-0-7546-9400-7 (EBk.V) contents Notes on Contributors vii Foreword – George R. Lucas, Jr ix 1 introduction: Ethics Education for irregular Warfare 1 Paul Robinson PaRt 1 thE thEoREtICaL BaCkgRounD 2 Preserving soldiers’ Moral character in counter-insurgency operations 15 H.R. McMaster 3 the Philosophical Warrior 27 Alexander Moseley 4 culture centric Warfare: the Moral dynamics 41 Patrick Mileham PaRt 2 oPERatIonaL IssuEs 5 Preventing torture in counter-insurgency operations 57 Jessica Wolfendale 6 the fall of the Warrior king: situational Ethics in iraq 75 Paul Robinson 7 Military Ethics of facing fellow citizens: idf Preparations for disengagement 87 Asa Kasher PaRt 3 PEDagogICaL IssuEs 8 teaching Military Ethics in the united states air force: challenges Posed by service culture 107 Martin Cook vi Ethics Education for Irregular Warfare 9 counter-insurgency Ethics at the royal Military academy sandhurst 119 Stephen Deakin 10 international law and the Ethics of War at the uk Joint services command and staff college 133 David Whetham 11 Ethics Education for operations other than War: the dutch approach 145 Peter Olsthoorn Index 159 notes on contributors Don Carrick is Project director of the Military Ethics Education network based in the institute of applied Ethics at the university if hull. he was for many years a lawyer in private practice. he currently teaches jurisprudence at the university of hull and medical ethics at the university of leeds, and is working on a doctoral thesis in military ethics. he co-edited Ethics Education in the Military (ashgate 2008) with Paul robinson and nigel de lee and contributed a chapter to the volume. James Connelly is Professor of Politics and international studies at the university of hull. he is Project leader of the Military Ethics Education network and director of the institute of applied Ethics at the university of hull. he has published widely on ethics, political theory and environmental politics. Martin Cook is Professor of Philosophy and deputy department head at the united states air force academy. Prior to that, he was Professor of Ethics in the department of command, leadership and Management of the united states army War college in carlisle, Pennsylvania in 1998, and was awarded the Elihu root chair in Military studies in 2001. stephen Deakin has taught for many years at the royal Military academy sandhurst and has a particular interest in military ethics, leadership, management, and civil-military relations. asa kasher is a senior research associate of the israeli defence force (idf) college of national defense. he has also taught military ethics in other idEf colleges. he is the Vice-chair of the Jerusalem centre for Ethics and also an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at tel aviv university, where he held until recently the chair of Professional Ethics and Philosophy of Practice. he won the Prize of israel for general philosophy 2000. george Lucas is Professor of Philosophy and director of navy and national Programs in the Vice admiral James b. stockdale center for Ethical leadership at the united states naval academy (annapolis). he is also Visiting Professor of Ethics at the naval Postgraduate school (Monterey, ca), and research associate at the center for Ethics research (crEc) at the french Military academy, saint-cyr. from 1990 through 1995, he was assistant director of the division of research Programs at the national Endowment for the humanities in Washington dc. viii Ethics Education for Irregular Warfare h.R. McMaster is a US Army officer. He commanded a cavalry troop during the 1991 gulf War and an armoured cavalry regiment during counter-insurgency operations in iraq from 2005 to 2006. he holds a Phd in history from the university of north carolina at chapel hill. he has written broadly on military affairs and international security and is author of Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the lies that led to Vietnam (harpercollins 1997). McMaster has taught military history at the united states Military academy at West Point and is a senior consulting fellow at the international institute for strategic studies. Patrick Mileham, a graduate of cambridge and lancaster universities, experienced active service with the british army in south arabia and northern ireland. between 1992 and 2006 he held a number of university posts. With many publications, notably on military ethics and professionalism, he is now a defence analyst working for the Ministry of defence and other institutions, with interests in security sector reform in nations such as ukraine and colombia. alexander Moseley is the author of A Philosophy of War (algora Publishing 2002) and An Introduction to Political Philosophy (continuum Press 2007) and co-editor with richard norma of Human Rights and Military Intervention (ashgate 2002). after lecturing at the university of Evansville he founded a private educational company which he now runs with his wife. he has authored two philosophical- adventure novels under the nom-de-plume William Ventnor. Peter olsthoorn is assistant Professor of sociology at the netherlands defence academy, where he teaches on ethics. he is the author of a number of articles on military virtues such as honour, courage and loyalty. Paul Robinson is Professor in Public and international affairs at the university of ottawa. he is the author of numerous works on military history, military ethics and defence policy, including Just War in Comparative Perspective (ashgate 2003) and Military Honour and the Conduct of War: From Ancient Greece to Iraq (routledge 2006). He has served as an officer in both the British and Canadian armies. David Whetham joined the defence studies department of king’s college london in 2003, such department being based at the Joint services command and staff college in the uk defence academy. his main research interest is focused on the ethical dimensions of warfare and the development of the laws of war. Jessica Wolfendale is an australian research council Post-doctoral research fellow at the centre for applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at the university of Melbourne. she has published on military ethics, moral philosophy and the ethics of torture. she is the author of Torture and the Military Profession (Palgrave Macmillan 2007). foreword: ‘this is not your father’s War’ george r. lucas, Jr on tuesday november 4, 2008, Paula lloyd, assigned to us army team af-4 blue, was conducting interviews among the local population in the small village of chehel gazi in southern afghanistan. according to witnesses, she approached a man carrying a fuel jug and they began discussing the price of gasoline. suddenly the man, Abdul Salam, doused her with the fuel in his jug and set her on fire. She suffered second- and third-degree burns over 60 percent of her body. lloyd died of her injuries two months later. her team mate, don ayala, deliberately shot and killed salam after having apprehended him and taken him into custody. ayala, in turn, was arrested and placed in detention at bagram air base, pending a full investigation of possible charges of wrongful killing of a civilian noncombatant. lloyd was not an american soldier. she was a civilian social scientist, part of the ‘human terrain systems’ (hts) project that col. h.r. McMaster describes in his chapter for this volume on ‘irregular warfare’. her circumstances were indeed far from ‘regular’. she had been embedded with army brigade combat teams in afghanistan to gather cultural intelligence, provide regional knowledge and orientation, and interpret the customs of indigenous peoples to us commanders in order to mitigate conflict and minimize the kinds of misunderstandings that can lead to ill will, unwarranted violence, or inadvertent killings (lucas 2009). her presence as a civilian alongside combat personnel in contested areas of armed conflict – driven in turn by their need for reliable cultural understanding and accurate regional knowledge as well as linguistic skills to complement their technical prowess in war-fighting – is all part of a revolution that has transformed, and will continue to transform the nature of warfare in the twenty-first century. accordingly, we might ask, how adequately and thoroughly are we presently equipping our officers and enlisted, both through their professional military education and through their general (liberal) education, to develop the requisite capacities to cope with this transformation, and to meet these novel requirements of the postmodern battlefield? Ms lloyd was, for her part, recruited in the us, hired, trained for four months at a special facility at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and, finally, deployed to a combat zone in afghanistan by a private military contractor, baE systems, inc., headquartered in the united kingdom. baE systems (formerly ‘british Aerospace’) is a large, multinational defence contractor with major offices in South africa, sweden, saudi arabia, australia, and the us. until comparatively recently, it specialized in the sale and maintenance of sophisticated military hardware and

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In "Ethics Education in the Military" (eds. Paul Robinson, Nigel de Lee and Don Carrick: Ashgate 2008) the contributing authors surveyed and critically analysed the existing theory and practice of educating soldiers, sailors and airmen in the ethics of 'old fashioned' warfaring. This volume consider
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