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Ethics and Poetics: The Architectural Vision of Saint Francis of Assisi PDF

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Ethics and Poetics: The Architectural Vision of Saint Francis of Assisi Gregory Paul Caicco School of Architecture McGill University, Montréai October, 1998 A thesis submitted to the Facuity of Graduate Studies and Research in partial filfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 0 Gregory Paul Caicco, 1998. I+IN ational Library BiMiiuen ationale ofana, du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services senrices bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue WeuUrgton OttawaOPJ K l A W -ON KlAOIYI canada Cenade The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence aiiowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/tïim, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts ikom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Sacra Aedicrrla Ponifrncdae. cngraving by Fnnct-sco Providoni (frorn E.M. Angcli. Collis Puradisi Arrineniras. Assisi. 1703). And where there had been just a makeshift hut to receive the music, a shelter nailed up out of their darkest longing, with an entryway that shuddered in the wind- you built a temple deep inside their hearing. Rainer Maria Riike, Sonnets to Orpheus To my parents Contrary to the view of many interprettrs that Francis of Assisi (1 18 1-1226) dabbled in church renovation for a few yean following his first conversion experience in 1205, architecture rernained a central preaccupation until his de& in 1226. His crcaîive practicc ranged fiom hcrmitage planning to the cbthing design of its occupants, fiom architectural legislation to the composition of psalms to be Sung in the hcrmitagc churchts. Through the medieval art of memory, Francis f0mied his architectural intentions amund two contemplative foci: first, the symbol of the tau, which became his attire, prayer position, signature, talisman for hcaling the sick, and the crucifixion of Christ imprinteà on bis flcsh in die sti- and second, the chapd of the Portiuncula, which Francis renovated hirnself to be the cave of the annunciation and the aativity, the womb of Msry and a portion of heavea on earth where angels descended. With its hedgc-bound rnonastery, it i t ethe prototype for construction among his followen. As tbe art of memory airncd at an cthics, so did his architecture strive to inspire communai good through narratives of compassion, voluntary penancc and humility. The Portiuncula was copied throughout the Franciscan order, but as the order grew its cornmitment to poverty waneâ. As a muit, buildings began to deviate h m F rancis' ideals. Rather than mort to prescriptive architectural legislation, Francis addrtssed this dilemma through an intricately chortagraphcd performance of hk dtatb whosc pottic image would be unforgettable for those who wished to imitate h i .in word, d dan d architecture. Two ycars after this event, the Basilics of San Francesca in Assisi, built by his fiend and hand-chosen successor, Br. Elias, rapidly rose to house the newly canonized saint. Its eatiiest fom, narrative and syrnbolism, also widely imhied, sccrns to illustrate aptly Francis' architecturai vision: if the Portiuncula was the Bethiehcm of the order, the Basiiica's t ap lan became its Jerusalem. From these two prototypes Itaiian mendicant architecture for the next century drew its meaning and form. Contrairement à l'opinion de plusieurs interprttes selon laquelle François d'Assise - (v. 11 8 1 1U 6)s e serait domer dans la rénovation d'église durant ks quelques armées suivant sa première conversion en 1205, l'architecture est demcurk pour lui une p&ccupation centrale jusqu'à sa mort en 1226. Sa pratique créarive s'étendait de la phikation d«miagc au dessin des vêtememts des occupants. de La 16gislation architecturale P la composition des psaumes que seraient chantés dans les églises des ermitages. Dans la pratique de Fart de la mémoire au moyen-âge,s aint François a défini ses intentions mhitecturalcs autour de deux ékments contcmpW: premièrement, le symbol du t aq ui devint son habit, sa position de prikre, sa signature, son talisman pour gu6N les malades et le crucifix imprimt sur sa chair en stigmaîe; deuxi&nement, la chapelle du Portiuncula que saint François rénova lui-même la caverne de î'annonciaîion et de la nrttivitC, les entraiUcs mariales, un coin de ciel sur la terre où les anges pouvaient descendre. Avec son monastért entouré de haies, cette chapelie devint I'exemplum construit pour ses disciples. Comme I'axt de la mémoire dont l'objectif était éthique, son architecture s'efforçait d'inspirer le bien commun &travers des récits de compassion, de pénitence volontaire et d'hdté. Le Portiuncula fût copid A maintes reprises, mais B mesure que rordre s'agrandit, son engagement A la pauvreté s1ai3hiblit CoasCqucmmenf les bâtimats cotnm-t A s'écarter de l'idéal de saint François. Plutôt que de recourir B une législation architecturale normative, saint François addtessa ce dilemme eu chorégrapbiaat tous les détaüs qui entourèrent sa mort dont l'image poétique devait demeurer inoubliable dans l'esprit de tous ceux qui voulurent ensuite i'imiter en parole, en action et en architecture. Dcw ans après cet év&mnent, la Basilique Saint-François-d'Assise fût rapidement érigée par son ami et successeur dkigné, Frère Élias, pour abriter le saint nouvellement canonisé. Sa forme origiarle, son récit a son symbolisme qui fûrent aussi largement imités, sembIent illustrer de @un ad6qua.e la vision architecturale de saint François: si le Pottiuncula fut le BethlCem de l'ordre, le plan en forme de tau de la Basilique en devint la Jéndem. De ces deux prototypes, i'architecture mendiante italienne tira sa signification et sa forme pour le sitcle A venir.

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Basilique Saint-François-d'Assise fût rapidement érigée par son ami et successeur dkigné, . St. Anthony Abbot and St. Francis of Assisi, plaque tiom diptych .. 11'25 (ca 1370) are the two most important sources for the writings of.
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