Ethics and Animals: An Introduction

272 Pages·2021·1.076 MB·English

by  Lori Gruen

Ethics and Animals
SecondEdition
Inthiscomprehensiveupdatedintroductiontoanimalethics,LoriGruen
weavestogetherpoignantandprovocativecasestudieswithdiscussionsof
ethicaltheory,urgingreaderstoengagecriticallyandreflectempathetically
onourrelationshipswithotheranimals.Inclearandaccessiblelanguage,
Gruendiscussesarangeofissuescentraltohuman–animalrelationsand
offersareasonednewperspectiveonkeydebatesinthefield.Sheanalyses
andexplainsarangeoftheoreticalpositionsandposeschallengingquestions
thatdirectlyencouragereaderstohonetheirethicalreasoningskillsandto
developadefensiblepositionabouttheirownpractices.Herbookwillbean
invaluableresourceforstudentsinawiderangeofdisciplinesincluding
ethics,environmentalstudies,veterinaryscience,genderstudies,andthe
emergingfieldofanimalstudies,andisanengagingaccountofanimalethics
forreaderswithnopriorbackgroundinphilosophy.
lori gruen isWilliamGriffinProfessorofPhilosophyatWesleyan
University.Sheistheauthorandeditorofelevenbooks,includingTheEthics
ofCaptivity(2014),EntangledEmpathy(2015),andCriticalTermsforAnimal
Studies(2018).
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Applied Ethics
Titlespublishedinthisseries
ETHICSAND BUSINESS Kevin Gibson
ETHICSAND THE ENVIRONMENTDale Jamieson
ETHICSAND CRIMINAL JUSTICE JohnKleinig
ETHICSAND ANIMALS Lori Gruen
ETHICSAND WAR Steven P. Lee
THE ETHICS OFSPECIES Ronald L.Sandler
ETHICSAND SCIENCE Adam Briggle and Carl Mitcham
ETHICSAND FINANCE John Hendry
ETHICSAND LAWW. Bradley Wendel
ETHICSAND HEALTH CAREJohnC. Moskop
ETHICSANDTHEMEDIA,secondeditionStephenJ.A.Ward
ETHICSAND ENGINEERING Behnam Taebi
ETHICSAND ANIMALS, second edition Lori Gruen
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Ethics and Animals
An Introduction
Second Edition
LORI GRUEN
WesleyanUniversity
Published online by Cambridge University Press
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108833684
DOI:10.1017/9781108986304
©LoriGruen2011,2021
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Firstpublished2011
6thprinting2014
SecondEdition2021
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LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Names:Gruen,Lori,author.
Title:Ethicsandanimals:anintroduction/LoriGruen,WesleyanUniversity.
Description:Secondedition.|Cambridge,UK;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2021.|
Series:Cambridgeappliedethics|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2021024586(print)|LCCN2021024587(ebook)|ISBN9781108833684
(hardback)|ISBN9781108986571(paperback)|ISBN9781108986304(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Animalwelfare Moralandethicalaspects.|Animalrights.|BISAC:MEDICAL/
Ethics|MEDICAL/Ethics
Classification:LCCHV4708.G782021(print)|LCCHV4708(ebook)|DDC179/.3 dc23
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Published online by Cambridge University Press
Contents
Preface pagevii
Acknowledgments xii
ListofAbbreviations xvi
1 WhyAnimalsMatter 1
AnalyzingHumanExceptionalism 4
WhoIsEthicallyConsiderable? 25
AttendingtoOtherAnimals 34
2 TheNaturalandtheNormative 45
DoingWhatComesNaturally 48
SpeciesandSpeciesism 51
HierarchiesofWorth 56
Homosapiens,Humans,andPersons 58
MoralAgentsandMoralPatients 64
VexedComparisons 68
3 EatingAnimals 81
TheEvolutionofIndustrialAgriculture 83
LivingandDyingonFactoryFarms 87
ArgumentsagainstFactoryFarms 93
IsVeganismEthicallyRequired? 100
Replaceability 105
4 ExperimentingwithAnimals 114
ThePursuitofKnowledge 117
ChangingAttitudesandDevelopingRegulations 120
AnimalPainandPsychologicalWell-Being 123
WeighingValues 127
AbolitionofAnimalExperimentation 135
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vi Contents
5 DilemmasofCaptivity 140
Zoos 147
Liberty 153
Autonomy 156
WildDignity 164
CompanionAnimals 168
Sanctuary 171
6 AnimalsintheWild 177
Extinction 180
TheValueofSpecies 183
ConflictsbetweenHumansandWildAnimals 189
ConflictsbetweenAnimals 194
ConflictsbetweenNativeSpeciesandNonnativeSpecies 200
7 ActionforAnimals 203
CantheEndsJustifytheMeans? 207
StrategiesforFightingforAnimals 211
EmpatheticAction 222
References 224
Index 244
vi
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Preface
Explorations of our ethical relations to other animals go back to antiquity,
butitwasn’tuntilthe1970s,inthewakeofsocialjusticestrugglesforracial
and gender equality, that animal ethics was taken up seriously by philoso-
phers and other theorists and the modern animal rights movement was
born. When I first started working on animal ethics it was still somewhat
onthefringeofboththeacademyandsocietymoregenerally,soitisreally
exciting for me to see a whole academic field emerge, called “animal stud-
ies,”andtowatchanimalethicsbecomemoremainstream.Somuchtheor-
eticalworkhasbeendoneinthelasttwentyyears,thatIthinkitissafetosay
thatanimalethicsisnowanestablishedsubdiscipline.
Introductory texts should try to present all reasonable sides of an issue
and I believe I have done that in the pages that follow. However, because
I have been thinking, writing, and teaching about animal ethics for over
three decades I have well-worked-out views on the issues I present in this
book and, as I tell my students, it would be disingenuous to pretend other-
wise,soIdonottrytohidemyconsideredjudgments.Mycommitmentsare
obvious–otheranimalsdeserveourmoralattentionandconcernandtheir
livesmatter–andthisistheperspectivethatshapesthisbook.Idonottake
oneparticularphilosophicalpositionandexploreitindepthinthisvolume,
however. Rather, given that there are competing ethical issues in play and
manyconflictsofvaluesthatarenotobviouslyorreadilyresolvable,Itryto
highlighttheethicalcomplexityofourinteractionswith,andobligationsto,
other animals, as well as to point to some of the limitations of popular
ethical approaches. Even among those who believe that animals matter,
there are robust disagreements. I have explored some of the disagreement
within the animal ethics literature here and have updated some of these
debates, but still I couldn’t cover everything. Many will disagree with the
argumentsIpresent,butoneofmygoalsistoprovidereaderswithenough
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viii Preface
argumentsandinformationtohelpthemdeveloptheirownviewsthatthey
thenfeelconfidentdefending.
There is a tendency in almost any ethical discussion to flatten out or
oversimplify opposing views and to caricature opponents. This is certainly
the case in discussions of animal ethics. For example, those opposed to
research on animals often think that all of those who use animals for
scientificpurposesareinsensitivetoanimalsandtoanimalrightsadvocates.
Ihavefoundthisisn’ttrue.Similarly,zooadvocatestendtolumpeveryone
who opposes captivity together – as radicals who would rather all animals
become extinct than subject them to imprisonment. I have found this isn’t
true either. It’s a lot simpler to think of things as strictly dichotomous; it
certainly is a lot simpler to write as if that is so, and I’m afraid I do
sometimesoversimplifytheoreticalpositions,particularlywhenIamtrying
to make a philosophical point as precisely as possible. But, in reality, most
positionsaremuchmorenuancedandthepeoplewhoholdvariouspositions
aboutanimalsfallalongaspectrum.Ontopofthat,people’sattitudesabout
other animals are not always consistent. I have friends who have dedicated
their lives to protecting and rescuing some animals who also eat other
animals. I know vegetarians who experiment on animals and vegans who
support regularly killing animals in animal shelters. This variety makes
teaching animal ethics particularly interesting. Unlike many philosophical
topics,weareallimplicatedinthepracticesthatIexamineinthisbook.
I have organized the book in a way that I think is both accessible to the
interestedreaderandhelpfultothosewhowouldliketousethisbookinthe
classroom.Eachchapterstartswithavignetteortwothatraisessomeofthe
ethical issues that will be explored in the chapter. I think it is particularly
importantinteachingandthinkingaboutethicsthatwedon’tallowtheory
to get too far removed from practice. Information about real-world ethical
problemsshouldshapeourphilosophicalreflections.
In this edition, I have updated and added information that is central to
understanding the ethical issues raised by our relationships with animals.
I have also included new arguments and approaches that have developed
since the first edition was published in 2011. I still rely on my own experi-
encesworkingwithanimals,whichhaveexpanded,aswellastheinsightsof
people who are involved in many different aspects of the issues discussed
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Preface ix
here –for example, those whowork inlabs; thosewho workatzoos; those
who oppose the use of animals in labs; those who oppose zoos; those who
care directly for animals in shelters and sanctuaries; and those who study
animalsinthewild.
If this book is to be used as a textbook, the chapters lend themselves to
beingtaughtinquitedifferentways,dependingonthenatureofthecourse
and the interests of the instructor. Chapters 1 and 2 present the ethical
arguments that are at the heart of discussions about the extent and nature
of our obligations to other animals. Though these chapters are self-
contained, teachers may wish to supplement them with texts that explore
the history of ethics, topics in animal cognition, comparative psychology,
philosophy of biology, disability studies, or texts that directly challenge
anthropocentrism. The remaining chapters allow for similar supplementa-
tiondependingontheinstructor’sinterest.Chapter3wouldlenditselftoa
largerdiscussionoftheethicsofkilling,thephilosophyoffood,andanimal
agriculture’simpactonclimatechange.InChapter4Ionlytouchbrieflyon
the topic of pain, on which a great deal of interesting philosophical and
scientificworkhasbeendone;veterinarymedicinealsohasmuchtocontrib-
utehere.Therearealsotopicsinthehistoryandphilosophyofscienceinto
which this chapter provides an entrée. Chapter 5 might be supplemented
withmorein-depthdiscussionsofautonomy,politicalphilosophy,ortopics
inthephilosophyofmind.Chapter6couldbethebasisforanicemoduleon
environmental philosophy and conservation biology. Chapter 7 deals with
animal activism, and there is much more that might be said about the
relation of animal activism to other forms of social justice activism, but
I’m confident that this is a good start for that discussion. I hope that the
book may also be useful to those teaching animal law and animal studies
fromavarietyofdisciplinaryandinterdisciplinaryperspectives.
I’d like to make a few comments about terminology. The term “animal”
has been contested as it is used in very different ways. Often it is meant to
exclude humans, but, of course, humans are animals. And the term
“human” is not as straightforward as it may appear, as I discuss in
Chapter 2. The term “animal” is so vast, it contains so many different
organisms, that it is sometimes too general a term to be very useful. To be
morespecific,sometimeswriters,includingmyself,use“nonhumananimal”
to refer to other animals. Some argue that this sets humans above other
animals.Torectifythis,sometimespeopleusetheterm“otherthanhuman
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x Preface
animals,” but this is rather bulky. I use “other animals” as often as makes
sense.Ialsouse“nonhumananimals”andjust“animals”sometimestoo.
Some philosophers separate the “ethical” from the “moral.” I use these
terms interchangeably here. Often people use the word “ethics” as if it
contains a particular prescription. For example, sometimes people equate
animal ethics with animal liberation or veganism. Here you will find a
variety of ethical positions that pertain to our complex relationships with
otheranimals.Inotherwords,thereisnosingle,uniformlyagreed-toethical
positionabouthowtothinkaboutandengagewithotheranimals.
I also want to bring to your attention my use of pronouns. In the first
edition to the volume I noted that pronoun use is a particularly important
topic in gender studies and in the world, as it impacts people who don’t
neatly fit into a gender binary. But in moving from referring to animals as
“it,”apronounthatreferstoinanimateobjects,Iusedbinarypronouns,“he”
or “she.” I recognize this move may be seen to reinforce the sex/gender
binary. It is an imposition of human binary sex/gender categories onto
animals, and we aren’t clear how, if at all, animals themselves experience
gender. Joan Roughgarden, an evolutionary biologist, wrote a book called
Evolution’sRainbowinwhichsheprovidesanaccountoftheanimalkingdom
(includinghumananimals)ascontainingsexchangers,specieswiththreeor
moregenders,andreproductiveandfamilyrelationsthatinvolvemorethan
justatraditional“father”and“mother.”Asshewrites,“Therainbowalways
has more colors than society has categories.”1 Instead of just using “he” or
“she” to refer to animals, I will also use “they,” for both singular and
multipleanimals.
Although I have been thinking and working on the topics I present here
for decades, there are times when thinking hard about our vexed relation-
ships with other animals makes me very sad. We humans have done
unnecessary and incredibly cruel things to other animals. While reviewing
thehistoryofanimalexperimentationandzoos,evaluatingthecurrentstate
of animal agriculture, and reporting on the bushmeat crisis and rates of
extinction,itoccasionallyfeltthatethicaldiscussioncouldbarelyscratchthe
surface of our entrenched callous practices, and the task of changing such
practices often seems insurmountable. But, being in the presence of other
animals, experiencing their incredible capacities for forgiveness, knowing
1 Roughgarden2013:396.
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