Ethico-political Governmentality of Immigration and Asylum: The Case of Ethiopia PDF
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Ethico-political Governmentality of Immigration and Asylum The Case of Ethiopia dilek karal Ethico-political Governmentality of Immigration and Asylum Dilek Karal Ethico-political Governmentality of Immigration and Asylum The Case of Ethiopia Dilek Karal Bir Dünya Çocuk Derneği Gaziantep, Turkey ISBN 978-3-030-00195-7 ISBN 978-3-030-00196-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00196-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018958776 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover image © Vicki Jauron, Babylon and Beyond Photography / Getty Images This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland For my lovely family: Erdem and Bahar P reface At the beginning of this book, having immigration and asylum literature in mind, our age’s international humanitarian response and political approaches to mass displacement of people in the recent decades forced me to reconsider power and liberal ethics in today’s policymaking when human tragedy turned into an everyday reality. Liberal understanding of equality had two consequences (the principle of double effect), differenti- ating between obeying, deserving ones and the others. The refugee as the stranger/outcast belonging to no nation did not have a solid place in this picture. Instead of authentic solutions, policies developed normative approach to refugee flows. I chose to develop my research on Ethiopia, which was the biggest host in Africa during my three-year stay there between 2012 and 2015. Although hosting thousands, the country had such a small place in immigration and asylum literature. Unfortunately, I also witnessed that my home country, Turkey, became the biggest host in the world due to ongoing civil war in Syria—proving once more that immigration and asylum is an issue crosscutting geographies and borders. This book attempts to question the immigration and asylum policies that were underlining the importance of teaching the refugee how to fish, to feed him for a lifetime instead of giving him a fish. What is understated in this formula is that the refugee was already in a stormy sea, fighting with multiple issues falling apart from liberal ideal of democratic citizenship. This was when humanity washed ashore a thousand times. vii viii PREFACE This book is a modest call for reconsideration of today’s immigration and asylum policies through the lenses of ethico-political governmentality. With a reference to Baudrillard: I welcome you to the desert of real. This is where we might recognize the simulacra of today’s policymaking. Gaziantep, Turkey Dilek Karal a cknowledgments This book is an outcome of my Ph.D. that I received from Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. I would like to thank my advisor Assist. Prof. Dr. Çagă tay Topal for his encouragement, extensive contribu- tion, and sincere support throughout writing process of this dissertation. My major examining committee members Prof. Dr. Helga Rittersberger- Tılıç and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tahire Erman’s progressive feedbacks and time are also much appreciated. I also want to thank my final committee members, Prof. Dr. Ayhan Kaya and Assist. Prof. Dr. Besim Can Zırh. Special thanks to Prof. Dr. Ayhan Kaya for encouraging me to publish my dissertation and supporting me with an endorsement. Sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Ertugr̆ ul Gündogă n for heartening me for academia when I was young and reckless. Thanks to my friend Dr. Gülay Mutlu for her myriad efforts during publish- ing of my dissertation. I also thank to my editor Mary Al-Sayed at Palgrave Macmillan for her continuous help through the publishing process of this book. Without their time and support, this book would not be written. This book is an appreciation of the three beautiful years I spent in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ameseginalehu! I would like to thank my friends from Turkey, the United States, the UK, El Salvador, Mauritius, Ethiopia, Eritrea, India, Sweden, Denmark, Luxemburg and the numerous African countries that made an international life quite local for us. I will remember fun, laughter, tears, love and oms and shantis exchanged between us. I also want to thank my family and friends that they were there for me every time I needed them. I will carry your love and inspiration everywhere I go. Lastly, I appreciate my beloved husband Erdem for his tolerating love and support in good times and in bad. I thank my lovely daughter Bahar for ix x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS being an infinite spring for us during the winter times of our lives. Love makes everything easier. Throughout my study, most of my respondents were Somali migrants— refugees living in Addis Ababa. I sincerely thank their courage and contri- bution to my work. Their tough experiences and resilience is worth attention. Overall, this whole book is a humble attempt to make theirs and other migrants’ voices heard in today’s noisy international debates. c ontents 1 I ntroduction 1 1.1 Power, Governmentality and Ethico-Politics 6 1.2 Analytics of Governmentality 11 1.3 Notes on Methodology 13 References 16 2 Neoliberal Governmentality and Ethico- politics of Power 19 2.1 Significance of Governmentality for Analysis of Global Policymaking 20 2.2 Governmentality 24 2.3 From Disciplinary Power to Ethico-politics of Power 29 2.3.1 State of Justice and Sovereign Power 30 2.3.2 Administrative State and Disciplinary Power 31 2.3.3 Governmental State and Bio-politics 33 2.3.4 Neoliberal Governmentality, Technologies of Self and Ethico-politics of Power 37 References 50 3 Ethico-political Governmentality of Global Immigration and Asylum 53 3.1 Legal Developments on Immigration Policies in the World 54 3.1.1 Development of Laws on Asylum 57 3.1.2 Immigrant, Refugee, Asylum Seeker in Law and Policy 63 xi
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