SCIENCE COUNCIL CGIAR Ethical challenges for the CGIAR: Report of three studies November 2008 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research SCIENCE COUNCIL CGIAR Ethical challenges for the CGIAR: Report of Three Studies NOVEMBER 2008 CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH I The Science Council of the CGIAR encourages fair use of this material provided proper citation is made. CGIAR Science Council. 2008. Ethical challenges for the CGIAR: Report of three studies. CGIAR Science Council Secretariat: Rome, Italy ii CONTENTS Acronyms.......................................................................................................................................3 Preface.............................................................................................................................................5 The three Studies How Should the CGIAR Handle Ethical Challenges? ‐ Issues and Proposal for a Strategic Study by Peter Sandoe and Karsten Klint Jensen...........................................................................5 Ethics and CGIAR Research by Peter Sandøe (chair), Linda Adair, Clarence Dias with Karsten Klint Jensen.................................................................................................................33 Ethics and CGIAR Mission by Peter Sandøe (chair), Gebisa Ejeta, Michael Lipton with Karsten Klint Jensen.................................................................................................................75 iii iv Acronyms ARENA Applied Research Ethics National Association ARIs Advanced Research Institutions CFR Code of Federal Regulations CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CIAT Internaitional Center for Tropical Agriculture CIOMS Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and COMEST Technology ExCo Executive Council of the CGIAR FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GM Genetically Modified GMO Genetically Modified Organisms ICH International Conference on Harmonisation ICLARM WorldFish Center ICRAF World Agroforestry Center ICRISAT Internaitonal Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics IFPRI Internaitonal Food Policy Research Institute ILRI International Livestock Research Institute IP Intellectual Property IPG International Public Goods IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute IPR Intellectual Property Rights IRB Institutional Review Board IRRI International Rice Reserch Institute iSC Interim Science Council MDG Millennium Development Goals MTP Medium Term Plans NARS National Agricultural Research Systems NGO Non‐governmental Organizations NRM Natural Resources Management OLAW Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare PEM Protein‐Energy Malnutrition PPP Dollar‐per‐person‐per‐day SC5 Fifth Science Council Meeting SCOPAS Standing Committee on Priorities and Strategies SPPS Standing Panel on Priorities and Strategies TAC Technicals TFP Total Factor Productivity TOR Terms of Reference UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization WARDA Africa Rice Center 1 2 Preface This volume brings together the results of three different but related studies of ethics in the CGIAR, together with commentary and recommendations from the Science Council which commissioned the studies over a four‐year period. In 2004, at the request of the Science Council, Professor Peter Sandøe, assisted by Karsten Klint Jensen, prepared a review paper (entitled How Should the CGIAR Handle Ethical Challenges?) on the possible ethical issues affecting the CGIAR. This Report, constituting Study I of this volume, identified four major areas of ethical concern to the CGIAR: research ethics, equity, protecting nature and respect for donors and partners. The categories of research ethics and the respect for donors and partners are concerned with questions of how the right means (i.e. acts and procedures) should be chosen and reinforced to meet the goals of the CGIAR. These topics necessarily focus on the internal processes of doing research within the CGIAR and in collaboration with Center partners. The report included a recommendation and the general terms of reference for further review and development of these issues through the creation of a panel of experts. The first panel study was formulated and addressed the question of Ethics and CGIAR Research. The major recommendation of this report, delivered in 2006, is that the CGIAR needs to develop common policy on ethical issues governing the conduct of science (an “Ethics Codex”) together with matching Center and program‐level policies where these do not already exist. The detailed Science Council Commentary (included as part of Study II in this volume) builds on the Panel’s Report to provide specific practical advice and examples of international best practice for implementation of this recommendation. By contrast, equity and protecting nature are not only concerned with the choice of means, but with the selection of goals for the System, too. Assessing the merits of different goals depends on the manner in which these broader concepts are defined and requires a somewhat different focus, on development policy more broadly. For example, different definitions of what constitutes protecting nature can radically alter the manner in which ‘sustainability’ is interpreted and, consequently, the very mission of the CGIAR, as well as its priorities and strategies which have been the subject of extensive deliberations over the past several years. Thus a second panel study on Ethics and the CGIAR Mission was commissioned and their Report (2008) and the Science Council Commentary are included in this volume as Study III. The Science Council commends the reports for the attention of the Alliance (or bodies which will take on the role of policy development for the CGIAR system in the future) as well as other CGIAR stakeholders. The SC considers that the reaffirmation of the CGIAR mission, and the ethical and practical advice regarding program design and implementation contained in these studies to be of great importance, particularly at a time when the CGIAR is re‐examining its future tasks and make up. 3 4
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