Eternally Useful Lesson In Arabic Syntax

460 Pages·2007·2.64 MB·English

ETERNALLY USEFUL LESSONS
IN 'ARABIC SYNTAX
(al-Fawa− id as-Samadiyyah)
± ±
by
The Illustrious Shaikh
Baha−½ ad-Deen Muhammad Ibn al-Husain Ibn Abdus-Samad al-'A− mili
± ± ± ±
Known As
Shaikh al-Baha−½ i
B. 953 H± Q/1546 CE - D. 1030 H± Q/1621 CE
ÒÍfÀv»A fÖAÌ°»A
ÌZÄ»A ϯ
ϼ¿B¨»A fÀv»A fJ§ ÅI ÅÎnZ»A ÅI fÀZ¿ ½Î¼V»A cÎr¼»
ÏÖBÈJ»A cÎr»BI ²Ëj¨À»A
(_Ç 1030 ÒÄm Ó¯ÌNÀ»A)
ETERNALLY USEFUL LESSONS
IN 'ARABIC SYNTAX
(al-Fawa− id as-Samadiyyah)
± ±
by
−
The Illustrious Shaikh Muhammad Ibn al-Husain Ibn 'Abdus-Samad al-'Amili
± ± ± ±
Known As Shaikh al-Bah−a½ i
(B. 953 H± Q/1546 CE - D. 1030 H± Q/1621 CE )
Translation and Commentary
by
'Ali 'Abdur-Rasheed
© 2008 Ali Abdur-Rasheed
[email protected]
Madani E-Publications
All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced for publication without the express,
written consent of the author.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction .............................................................................................................11
PART ONE: The Text ('Arabic).....................................................................................19
PART TWO: The Text, Translation & Commentary...........................................................49
Author's Preface ......................................................................................................50
..................................................FIRST CHAPTER ..................................................52
å æ å å ä ä
1.0......The First Garden: Kalimah, Bina−½ & I'ra− b (LAj§âê A ,ÕFÄJê »A ,ÒÀ¼ê ¸»A )....................................53
ä ä ä ä ä æ ì å æ ä
1.0...........Definition of Nah± w, Kalimah & Kala− m (ê ݸ»A Ë êÒ À¼ê ¸»A Ë Ìê ZÄ»A ±Íjê ¨M) ...........................53
1.1...........Explanation: Kalimah.................................................................................56
1.2.....................Sub-Division: Concrete & Abstract Noun (ÓÐ Ää ¨æ Àä »A Ëä êÅ Îæ ¨ä »A åÁ mæG ê ) ........................64
1.3.....................Clarification The Definite & Indefinite Noun (åÑjä ¸ê Äì» A Ëä åÒ ¯äj ê ¨æ Àä »A )........................66
æ ì ä ä å ì ä å
Ï¤ê °¼»A Ë Ï´ê δê Z»A SÃÛÀ»A
1.4.....................Clarification: Genuine & Literal Feminine Noun ( )..........73
1.5...........The Last Subdivision The Verb.....................................................................74
1.6.....................Information: Construction Of The Verb..................................................78
å ä å æ
1.7...........A Lesson: I'ra− b & Bin−a½ (ÕFÄJê »A Ë LAj§âê A ).............................................................82
©¯æj ì »A åÒ ¿ä Ýä §ä
1.8.....................Explanation: Signs Of The Nominative State (ê )..........................86
æ ì å ä ä ä
1.9.....................Completion: Signs Of The Accusative State (êK vÄ»A ҿݧ ) .........................99
ä å ä ä ä
jð V»A ҿݧ
1.10....................Explanation: Signs Of The Genitive State ( ) ..............................103
1.11....................Estimation of I'ra− b (Lê Aj§æâê A jåÍ fê ´æ Mä ) ...........................................................107
S± amadiyyah In Nah± w by Shaikh Bah−a ½- ud-Deen al-'A− mili L ϼ¿B¨»A ÅÍf»A ÕBÈI cÎr¼» ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍfÀv»A LBN·
..................................................SECOND CHAPTER..............................................113
2.0......The Second Garden: The Noun And Associated Matters ........................................114
Lå jä ¨æ Àå »A åÁ mæâ A
2.0......The Mu'rab (Declinable) Noun ( ê )...........................................................114
å
½§êB °»A
2.0...........First Type: Nominative Only - (a) The Verbal Subject( )...............................114
2.1.....................Information: Subject's Gender ............................................................122
2.2.....................An Issue: Position Of Subject In An Expression......................................126
å
2.3...........(b): Proxy-Subject(½ê §êB °»A KÖêB à ) ......................................................................129
å
jåJ ä bä »A Ëä Cfä Nä Jæ Àå» A
2.4...........(c) & (d): Nominal Subject & Predicate ( ).........................................132
2.5.....................A Rule: Placement Of The Subject & Predicate......................................145
å ä ì
cmAÌÄ»A
2.6................A Section: The Nawa− sikh ( ) ............................................................146
ä ì å æ ä
êÒ v³êB Ä»A ¾B¨¯C
2.6.....................a- Defective Verbs ( )...........................................................146
2.7..........................Two Issues................................................................................150
ä
å ä ä ì
BÈMAÌaC Ë ÆG
2.8.....................b- Particles Bearing Resemblance To A Verb ( ê) .........................153
ä
ä æ
B¿ Ü oλ
2.9.....................c- ( ) And ( ) Bearing Resemblance To ( )........................................159
æ ä
2.10...................d- (Ü) For Negating The Collective Noun (êo ÄVê »A êÒ Î¯êB Ä»ê Ü )............................161
2.11.........................Information................................................................................164
å æ
ä ä å
êÒ IiB´À»A ¾B¨¯C
2.12...................e- Verbs Of Approximation ( )................................................167
2.13..............Completion..........................................................................................169
2.14.........Second Type: Accusative Only......................................................................171
å æ
å ä
2.14...................1- The Simple Subject (êÉ êI ¾Ì¨°À»A ) ........................................................171
å ä æ å å å æ ä
µ¼ñÀ»A ¾Ì¨°À»A
2.15...................2- The Absolute Object ( )...................................................173
å ä å å æ ä
É» ¾Ì¨°À»A
2.16...................3- Maf'u− l Lahu ( )....................................................................177
S± amadiyyah In Nah± w by Shaikh Bah−a ½- ud-Deen al-'A− mili L ϼ¿B¨»A ÅÍf»A ÕBÈI cÎr¼» ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍfÀv»A LBN·
å ä ä å å æ ä
ɨ¿ ¾Ì¨°À»A
2.17...................4- Maf'u− l Ma'ahu ( )...............................................................179
å æ
å ä
êÉ Î¯ê ¾Ì¨°À»A
2.18...................5- Maf'u− l Feehi..... ( ) ............................................................181
2.19...................6- Accusative Due To Removal Of The Genitive.....................................184
å
¾BZ»A
2.20...................7- The H± a− l ( )..............................................................................186
å æ ì
2.21...................8- Tamyeez (lÎÎê ÀN»A )...........................................................................190
2.22.........Third Type: Genitive Only............................................................................194
2.23...................Completion.....................................................................................197
2.24...................Genitive Due To Genitive Particle........................................................202
2.25.........Fourth Type: Accusative & Non-Accusative.....................................................217
ÓÐ Ää Ræ Nä næ Àå »A
2.25...................1- The Exception ( ).................................................................217
2.26........................Completion................................................................................221
æ ä å ä ä æ å
êÉ ¼ê ¿ê B§ ŧ ½¬NrÀ»A
2.27...................2- A Noun Diverted From Its Governing Agent ( ).................225
Ð ä å
ÔeBÄÀ»A
2.28...................3- The Vocative ( ).....................................................................233
2.29........................Some Details (Regarding the Vocative)...........................................235
2.30........................Enlightenment ...........................................................................239
låÎ Îð Àä Àå »A
2.31...................4- Mumayyiz ( -Words Distinguished By Numbers)..........................246
2.32........................Completion................................................................................249
æ ä å æ
ÏÄê JÀ»A ÁmâA
2.33..............Indeclinable Words ( ê )................................................................252
jåÖ êB Àzì »A
2.33........................1- Pronouns ( )....................................................................252
2.34.............................An Issue: The Pronoun Of Fact & Narration.................................256
2.35.............................A Lesson: The Reference Of A Pronoun.....................................258
ä
ä å æ
Ñê iBqâA ÕFÀmC
2.36........................2- Demonstrative Nouns ( ê )..............................................263
S± amadiyyah In Nah± w by Shaikh Bah−a ½- ud-Deen al-'A− mili L ϼ¿B¨»A ÅÍf»A ÕBÈI cÎr¼» ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍfÀv»A LBN·
ä
å æ ä å æ
¾ê ÌuÌÀ»A ÕFÀmC
2.37........................3- Relative Nouns ( ).....................................................266
2.38.............................Completion...........................................................................268
2.39.............................An Issue..............................................................................270
ì ä
2.40........................4- Compounds (êK ·jä Àå »A åÕ FÀmæC )..........................................................272
å ì
2.41..............Appositive Subordinates (©êIA ÌN»A) ...............................................................274
å æ ì
O¨Ä»A
2.41........................1- The Adjective ( ).................................................................274
2.42........................2- Apposition With A Particle (²ë jæ Zä êI è± ñæ §ä ) ..........................................280
2.43.............................Completion...........................................................................287
æ
å ì
fηê DN»A
2.44........................3- Emphatic Apposition ( ) ......................................................289
2.45.............................Two Issues...........................................................................292
å ä
ä
¾fJ»A
2.46........................4- Equivalent Apposition ( ).......................................................293
2.47.............................A Guidance...........................................................................296
ä å æ ä
Æê BÎJ»A ±ñ§
2.48........................5- Explicative Apposition ( )...............................................297
2.49..............Nominal Governing Agents Resembling A Verb...........................................301
å ä æ ä
ifvÀ»A
2.49........................1- The Mas± dar ( ) .................................................................301
æ
å ä ä å æ
2.50........................2 & 3- The Active & Passive Participles (¾ê ̨°À»A Ë ½ê §êB °»A ÁmGê ) ...................305
2.51........................4- The Adjective Resembling An Active Participle (½ê §êB °»BêI èÒ Èä Jìr ä ¿å èÒ °ä uê ) ......310
2.52.............................Enlightenment ......................................................................313
æ ì å æ
2.53........................5- The Superlative Noun (½ê Îzê °N»A ÁmGê) ..............................................318
2.54.............................Completion...........................................................................321
2.55.............................Enlightenment ......................................................................323
2.56.........Conclusion...............................................................................................325
S± amadiyyah In Nah± w by Shaikh Bah−a ½- ud-Deen al-'A− mili L ϼ¿B¨»A ÅÍf»A ÕBÈI cÎr¼» ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍfÀv»A LBN·
..................................................THIRD CHAPTER..................................................332
3.0......Matters Related To The Verb: I'ra− b And The Present-Tense Verb..............................333
å ì
KuêA ÌÄ»A
3.0 ....................1-The Nawa− s± ib ( -Accusative Particles).......................................333
3.1...............................Perfection: Estimation Of The Accusative ...................................338
å ä
3.2..........................2-The Jawa− zim (ÂkêA ÌV»A -Jussive Particles) ........................................
342
3.2....................................The Jussive Governing One Verb(fëY êA Ë ½ë ¨æ °ê »ê è kêB U )......................342
ä
æ æ è
3.3....................................The Jussive Governing Two Verbs (êŠμ¨°ê »ê ÂkêB U ).........................345
3.4.........................................An Issue....................................................................349
ð hì »A Ëä `fæ Àä »A ¾åB ¨¯æC ä
3.5..........................The Verbs Of Praise And Blame ( ê )...............................350
ä ì æ
3.6..........................The Verbs Of Surprise (êK Ví ¨N»A ݨ¯ê ) ..................................................354
åå å æ ä
3.7..........................Verbs Of The Heart (Lê ̼´»A ¾B¨¯C) .....................................................357
3.8....................................An Issue: Cancellation Of Government..................................359
3.9...........Conclusion: Contention Between Two Governing Agents ...................................
361
..................................................FOURTH CHAPTER..............................................367
4.0 .....Sentences And That Which Follows Sentences....................................................368
4.0 .........................Nominal & Verbal Sentences........................................................368
4.1 .........................A Summary: Sentences With & Without A Place Of I'ra− b ....................371
å ä
ì ä
4.2 .........................Details: ....1. Khabariyyah (ÒÍjê Jb»A -Informative Sentence)....................374
å
ÒÎì» êB Z»A
4.3 ........................................2. H± a− liyyah ( ) .......................................................376
å æ
å å
4.4 ........................................3. Sentence With An Object Occurring In It (BÈêI ¾Ì¨°À»A )..........378
ä å
æ å
BÈλG ²BzÀ»A
4.5 ........................................4. The Sentence Which Is Mud± a− f Ilaihi ( ê ).............380
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4.6 ........................................5. Reply To The Jussive Condition (Âë kêB U ¢ë jæ rä »ê Lè AÌUä ) .............381
æ
4.7 ........................................6. The Sentence Subordinate To A Singular (eëjä °Àå »ê ©è êIB M )..........382
4.8 ........................................7. A Subordinate To A Sentence With A Place of I'ra− b..........383
å ä ä æ ä æ å
Ò°ÃDNnÀ»A
4.9 ....................Other Details:.1. Newly Initiated Sentence ( ) ..............................385
å ä ä æ å
4.10.......................................2. Parenthetical Clause (Òyjê N¨À»A ) ...................................386
å ä
4.11........................................3. Explanatory Sentence (ÒÍìjê nð °Àå »A )...................................388
å ä
Ò¼vð »A
4.12.......................................4. The Relative Clause ( ) ........................................389
ä ä è ä
Án´¼»ê LAÌU
4.13.......................................5. Reply To An Oath (ê ).....................................390
4.14.......................................6. Reply To A Non-Jussive Condition (Âë kêB U jê Îæ «ä ¢ë jæ rä »ê Lè AÌUä ) .....391
4.15.......................................7. A Subordinate To A Sentence With No Place Of I'ra− b.......392
4.16........................Conclusion: The Genitive Particle, The Genitive Noun And Adverb........393
..................................................FIFTH CHAPTER ..................................................396
ä æ ä
ÑlÀÈ»A
5.0......( )............................................................................................................397
ä
æ
ÆC
5.1......( )...............................................................................................................399
æ
ÆG
5.2......( ê) ...............................................................................................................401
ä
ì
ÆC
5.3......( )...............................................................................................................403
ì
ÆG
5.4......( ê) ...............................................................................................................405
æ
gG
5.5......( ê) ...............................................................................................................407
AgG
5.6......( ê) ..............................................................................................................408
ä
æ
ÂC
5.7......( )...............................................................................................................410
ä
ì
B¿C
5.8......( )..............................................................................................................411
S± amadiyyah In Nah± w by Shaikh Bah−a ½- ud-Deen al-'A− mili L ϼ¿B¨»A ÅÍf»A ÕBÈI cÎr¼» ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍfÀv»A LBN·
ì
B¿G
5.9......( ê) ..............................................................................................................414
ä
5.10 ....(íÐ C) ..............................................................................................................416
æ
ä
½I
5.11.....( )...............................................................................................................418
BqBY
5.12 ....( ).............................................................................................................420
ÓÐ NìY ä
5.13 ....( ).............................................................................................................422
ÕB¯
5.14 ....( ) ..............................................................................................................424
æ ä
f³
5.15 ....( )...............................................................................................................429
ä
í¡ ³
5.16 ....( ) ..............................................................................................................431
ä
æ
Á·
5.17 ....( )...............................................................................................................432
ä ä
±Îæ ·
5.18 ....( ).............................................................................................................435
ä
æ
Ì»
5.19 ....( )...............................................................................................................437
ä
æ
ÜÌ»
5.20 ....( )..............................................................................................................440
ä
BÀì »
5.21 ....( ) ..............................................................................................................442
B¿
5.22 ....( ) ..............................................................................................................444
æ ä
½Ç
5.23 ....( ) ..............................................................................................................446
Author's Final Words.................................................................................................448
Footnotes ...............................................................................................................449
Grammarians in History .............................................................................................451
Bibliography ............................................................................................................459
S± amadiyyah In Nah± w by Shaikh Bah−a ½- ud-Deen al-'A− mili L ϼ¿B¨»A ÅÍf»A ÕBÈI cÎr¼» ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍfÀv»A LBN·
fÎÈÀN»A
INTRODUCTION
äŠμê mäj æ Àå »A fê Îð mä fëÀ ì Zä ¿å êÉ ´ê ¼æ aä æÅ ¿ê êÉ Mêj ä Îä aê ÐÓ ¼ä §ä å Ýnì »A Ëä åÑÝ vì »A Ëä ÆåB ¨Nä næ Àå» A Ìä Çå Ëä fåÀ æ Zä »A åÉ »ä Ëä
.äŠΨê Àä UæC ä æÁ Èê Îæ ä¼ §ä êÉ ì¼» A På A̼ä uä ,äÅ Íjê ÇêB ñì »A êÉ »êE Ëä êÉ Îæ ¼ä §ä åÉ ¼ì» A ÐÓ ¼ìu ä
For generations, the book al-Faw−a id as-Samadiyyah by Shaikh al-Bah−a½ i, has been a
± ±
constant element in the 'Arabic curriculum of many Islamic seminaries and institutes of
higher learning. Furthermore, due to its inclusion in the well-known seminary student's
ð ä å å
Pê B¿f´À»A ©¿ê BU
handbook J−a mi' al-Muqaddim−a t ( ), it has become a fixture in Islamic
seminaries of Ira− n and 'Ira− q. This handbook contains fifteen small books, twelve of which
are on various topics of 'Arabic grammar including Tasreef, Nahw and grammatical
± ±
government of words. It also includeäs two books on logic or Mant±i q and a beneficial book,
ä ð ä ä å å
ÅÎÀê ¼¨NÀ»A LAeC
Etiquettes of the student ( ) by Shaikh Naseer ad-Deen Tu− si.
± ±
As noted in his preface, Shaikh al-Baha−½ i wrote al-Faw−a id as-Samadiyyah as a guide for
± ±
−
his brother, 'Abd as-Samad who was a teacher in Jabal-'Amil, the mountainous area
± ±
which is now considered Lebanon. To those unfamiliar with the style of such books, this
book may appear cryptic. The book is basically an outline of important issues in Nahw. As
±
such, it requires a teacher or commentary to expound upon the text with details and
provide beneficial examples for the student.
Shaikh al-Baha−½ i divided al-Faw−a id as-Samadiyyah i nto five chapters. He refers to each
± ±
chapter as a Hadeeqah, literally meaning a garden. The first chapter contains preliminary
±
matters highlighted for the student's benefit. It covers topics like the definition of N ahw,
±
Kalimah, Kal−a m . More importantly, he identifies the signs of I'ra− b in the noun and verb.
The second chapter contains the traditional topics of Nahw: categories of words which
±
are always found to be nominative, accusative or genitive. The third chapter deals with
issues related to the verb, particularly with regard to I'ra− b. The fourth chapter covers
matters related to sentences. The fifth chapter reviews a selection of individual nouns
and particles.
S± amadiyyah In Nah± w by Shaikh Bah−a ½- ud-Deen al-'A− mili L ϼ¿B¨»A ÅÍf»A ÕBÈI cÎr¼» ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍfÀv»A LBN·