Estuarine Processes. Uses, Stresses, and Adaptation to the Estuary

545 Pages·1976·40.469 MB·English

by  Martin Wiley

Produced by the
Estuarine Research Federation
with support from the
Bureau of Land Management, Department of Interior
Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Marine Fisheries Service, National Océanographie and Atmospheric
Administration
Marine Ecosystems Analysis Program, NOAA
Office of Applications, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Council on Environmental Quality
Energy Research and Development Administration
ESTUARINE
PROCESSES
Volume I
Uses,
Stresses,
and Adaptation to the Estuary
Edited by
MARTIN WILEY
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
University of Maryland
Center for Environmental
and Estuarine Studies
Solomons, Maryland
ACADEMIC PRESS NEW YORK SAN FRANCISCO LONDON 1976
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
COPYRIGHT © 1976, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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United Kingdom Edition published by
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ISBN 0-12-751801-0
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
LIST OF CONVENERS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the conveners' sessions begin.
ARMANDO A. de la CRUZ (217), Department of Zoology, Mississippi State
University, P. O. Drawer Z, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
THOMAS W. DUKE (481), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environ
mental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561
JAMES J. MCCARTHY (67), The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
BORI L. OLLA (277), National Marine Fisheries Service, Middle Atlantic
Coastal Fisheries Center, Sandy Hook Laboratory, Highlands, New Jersey
07732
SAUL B. SAILA (135), Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett Bay
Campus, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
J. R. SCHUBEL (1), Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New
York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
RICHARD C. SWARTZ (135), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Marine
Science Center, Newport, Oregon 97365
F. JOHN VERNBERG (333), Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and
Coastal Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
29208
IX
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors* contributions begin.
D. G. AHEARN (483), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
JELLE ATEMA (302), Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological
Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
LARRY P. ATKINSON (69), Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box
13687, Savannah, Georgia 31406
F.N. AYDIN (137), Lawler, Matusky & Skelly Engineers, 415 Route 303,
Tappan, New York 10983
LOWELL H. BAHNER (523), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environ
mental Research Laboratory, Sabine Island, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561
STEVE BARNES (493), Department of Chemistry, Texas A&I University at
Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas 78411
B. L. BAYNE (432), Institute for Marine Environmental Research, 67 Citadel
Road, Plymouth PLI 3DH, England
THOMAS J. BERGGREN (166), Texas Instruments Incorporated, P.O. Box 237,
Buchanan, New York 10511
N. H. BERNER (483), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
STEPHEN H. BISHOP (414), Mans McLean Department of Biochemistry,
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77025
DONALD F. BOESCH (177), Virginia Institute of Manne Science, Gloucester
Point, Virginia 23062
MALCOLM J. BOWMAN (28), Marine Sciences Research Center, State Univer
sity of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
XI
XU LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
ROBERT H. CHABRECK* (226), School of Forestry and Wildlife Management,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
JOHN D. COSTLOW, Jr. (279), Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort,
North Carolina 28516, and Zoology Department, Duke University, Durham,
North Carolina 27706
CLAUDE R. CRIPE (313), Department of Biological Science, Florida State
University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
S. A. CROW (483), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
ARMANDO A. de la CRUZ (267), Department of Zoology, Mississippi State
University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
WILLIAM M. DUNSTAN (69), Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box
13687, Savannah, Georgia 31406
T. L. ENGLERT (137), Lawler, Matusky & Skelly Engineers, 415 Route 303,
Tappan, New York 10983
CARL W. ERKENBRECHER (381), Department of Biology and Belle W. Baruch
institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research, University of South
Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
MILTON FINGERMAN (449), Department of Biology, Tulane University, New
Orleans, Louisiana 70118
RICHARD B. FORWARD, Jr. (279), Duke University Marine Laboratory,
Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, and Zoology Department, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27706
MILES J. FURNAS (118), Graduate School of Oceanography, University of
Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
M. GRANT GROSS (3), Chesapeake Bay Institute, The Johns Hopkins Univer
sity, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
THURMAN L. GROVE** (166),Texas Instruments Incorporated, P.O. Box 237,
Buchanan, New York 10511
♦Present address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Coastal Ecosystems Team, National Space
Technology Laboratories, Bay St. Louis, Mississippi 39520.
♦♦Present address: Beak Consultants, Inc., Cornell Industry Research Park, Brown Road,
Ithaca, New York 14850.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xiii
LEONARD W. HAAS (90), Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester
Point, Virginia 23062
C.S. HAMMEN (347), Department of Zoology, University of Rhode Island,
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
ERIC 0. HARTWIG (103), Chesapeake Bay Institute, The Johns Hopkins Uni
versity, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
GARY L. HITCHCOCK (118), Graduate School of Oceanography, University of
Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
ROBERT L. HORTON (290), School of Oceanography, Oregon State Univer
sity, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
DONALD E. HOSS (335), National Marine Fisheries Service, Atlantic Estuatine
Fisheries Center, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516
WILLIAM W. KIRBY-SMITH (469), Duke University Marine Laboratory,
Beaufort, North Carolina 28516
BJÖRN KJERFVE (44), Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and
Coastal Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
29208
PATRICIA KREMER* (197), Graduate School of Oceanography, University of
Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
PIERRE LASSERRE (395), Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biologie Marine,
33120 Arcachon, France
ROGER A. LAUGHLIN (313), Department of Biological Science, Florida State
University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
J.P. LAWLER (137), Lawler, Matusky & Skelly Engineers, 415 Route 303,
Tappan, New York 10983
FRANK G. LEWIS, III (313), Department of Biological Science, Florida State
University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
ROBERT J. LIVINGSTON (313, 507), Department of Biological Science,Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
J. L. McHUGH (15), Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New
York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
♦Present address: Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California ,Los Angeles,
California 90007.
Xiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
CHARLOTTE P. MANGUM (356), Department of Biology, College of William
and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185
S. P. MEYERS (483), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
70803
J. A. MIHURSKY (151), Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Center for Environ
mental and Estuarine Studies, University of Maryland, Solomons, Maryland
20688
D. HOWARD MILES (267), Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State Univer
sity, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
R.P. MORGAN, II (151), Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Center for En
vironmental and Estuarine Studies, University of Maryland, Solomons,
Maryland 20688
JULIA F. MORTON (254), Director, Morton Collectanea, University of Miami,
Coral Gables, Florida 33124
DEL WAYNE R. NIMMO (523) ,U.S. EnviromentalProtection Agency, Environ
mental Research Laboratory, Sabine Island, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561
PATRICK PARKER (493), University of Texas, Marine Science Laboratory,
Port Aransas, Texas 78373
WALTER H. PEARSON* (290), School of Oceanography, Oregon State Univer
sity, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
DAVID S. PETERS (335), National Marine Fisheries Service, Atlantic Estuarine
Fisheries Center, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516
TIBOR T. POLGAR (151), Martin Marietta Corporation, Environmental Tech
nology Center, 1450 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, Maryland 21227
DENNIS A. POWERS (166), Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins Uni
versity, Baltimore, Maryland
WARREN PULICH (493), University of Texas Marine Science Laboratory, Port
Aransas, Texas 78373
ROBERT J. REIMOLD (219), Marine Resources Extension Center, The Univer
sity of Georgia, P.O. Box 517, Brunswick, Georgia 31520
J. R. SCHUBEL (57), Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New
York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
♦Present address: National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory, High­
lands, New Jersey 07732.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XV
THEODORE J. SMAYDA (118), Graduate School of Oceanography, University
of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
L.HAROLD STEVENSON (381), Department of Biology and Belle W. Baruch
Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research, University of South
Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
J. L. TAFT (79), Chesapeake Bay Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Bal
timore, Maryland 21218
W. ROWLAND TAYLOR (79), Chesapeake Bay Institute, Johns Hopkins Uni
versity, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
JOHN M. TEAL (234), Woods Hole Océanographie Institution, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts 02543
R.E. ULANOWICZ (151), Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Center for En
vironmental and Estuarine Studies, University of Maryland, Solomons,
Maryland 20688
G. VACHTSEVANOS (137), Lawler, Matusky & Skelly Engineers, 415 Route
303, Tappan, New York 10983
IVAN VALIELA (234), Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological
Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
SUSAN VINCE (234), Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological
Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
ROBERT W. VIRNSTEIN (177), Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester
Point, Virginia 23062
MARVIN L. WASS (177), Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point,
Virginia 23062
KENNETH L.WEBB (90), Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point,
Virginia 23062
J. S. WILSON (151), Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Center for Environ
mental and Estuarine Studies, University of Maryland, Solomons, Maryland
20688
PREFACE
Planning for the Third International Estuarine Research Conference began at
Myrtle Beach, while the second conference was still in session. Before moving
ahead on details, the Estuarine Research Federation had several questions to
answer: "Does the rate of Recent Advances in our field warrant another invited
symposium two-years hence; if so, is a unifying theme readily apparent; how can
we keep expenses down for students and the established investigators of tomor­
row; and where should we meet to recognize surging interests of the Federation's
new affiliates in the Southern and Gulf states?"
The Governing Board decided that the next Recent Advances would em­
phasize estuarine processes-an attempt to focus on dynamic interactions at
several levels of organization. As it worked out, more than 70 papers were
presented before 550 registrants in Galveston, Texas, October 7-9, 1975. Most of
the papers appear in these two volumes. Success and failure reflect not only the
Board's wisdom, but also instabilities that started at a global level with an oil
embargo and came to bear on the outlook of all.
On the success side of the balance sheet, special thanks go to the convenors.
They were given authority to organize sessions and follow through in the peer
review process. The Federation also thanks the eight Federal agencies which
provided support for the Conference and associated editorial work. The com­
ments we received on the proposals submitted to the agencies were inevitably
coupled with our direct experience, yielding a uniquely comprehensive view on
the role of big scientific meetings enriched with opportunities for environmental
management.
I believe that our shortcomings—judged from scientific value in the Confer­
ence's written record—are intertwined with positive attitudes emanating from
the Federation's affiliated societies. Their history is a commitment to excellence
in a field that on occasion has been as variable as the very structure of the
environment studied. If certain sessions appear less comprehensive and sophisti­
cated than usual, the result may well reflect traditions deeply embedded in these
societies. The societies exist to challenge and redirect the results of research, and
they rely upon an especially open system of appraisal. It follows that the nega­
tive side of the balance sheet is more indicative of needs—either for encourage­
ment or for curtailment in specific areas—than it is an enumeration of wasted
effort.
xvii