Estuarine and Marine Bivalve Mollusk Culture

375 Pages·1991·37.892 MB·English

by  Winston Menzel

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Estuarine and marine bivalve mollusk culture / editor, Winston Menzel.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-8493-4936-2
1. Shellfish culture. I. Menzel, Winston, 1920-1989.
SH370.E88 1990
639.4—dc20 89-48813
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 89048813
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ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89281-8 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07191-8 (ebk)
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IN MEMORIAM
Robert Winston Menzel, Sr.
1920—1989
With the passing of Dr. Robert Winston Menzel, Sr. on June 11, 1989, those of us who
had the pleasure of knowing him lost a treasured friend, one who left an indelible impression
on us all. In estuarine and marine biology, higher education lost one of its most productive
professors as evidenced by the 40 Masters and 11 Ph.D. degree recipients who graduated
under his guidance. In addition, fisheries science lost one of its major researchers as evidenced
by the 54 papers he authored during his career.
Born in James City County, Virginia on January 29, 1920, Dr. Menzel grew up in a
family which commercially fished the Chickahominy River near Toano, Virginia. There he
developed both his interest in aquatic natural resources and his appreciation for the needs
of commercial fishermen.
In 1940 he received a B.S. degree in Botany at the College of William and Mary. He
followed that accomplishment in 1943 with an M.A. degree in Aquatic Biology from the
College as part of its cooperative program with the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, later to
become the School of Marine Science/Virginia Institute of Marine Science of the College.
This was the first degree awarded from the Institute; his thesis was entitled, "Notes on the
Biology and Commercial Fishery of the Catfish of the James River, Virginia." Fittingly,
he made contributions to knowledge of fish which his family harvested commercially.
After a short time in graduate studies at the University of Virginia, Dr. Menzel went
to College Station, Texas where, in 1954, he obtained his Ph.D. in Biology at Texas A&M
University with a dissertation entitled, "Some Phases of the Biology of Ostrea equestris
Say, and a Comparison with Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin).'' From that time on, his research
interests were strongly oriented toward bivalve molluscs and, in particular, oysters and
clams.
Although he is associated with a specialty in which he made significant contributions,
he is remembered also for being an excellent generalist in marine biology. Those of us who
were privileged to be his students were impressed with his breadth of knowledge about
organisms and ecosystems of the coastal and estuarine waters. As part of my Ph.D. degree
program, I worked on a disease of oysters under his guidance and had the advantage of
acquiring knowledge from him about the host and parasite as related to basic organismic
biology and ecology. When we students needed advice from other biologists, he was able
to introduce us personally to researchers in many disciplines, from fishery science to my-
cology to protozoology. All of these contributions as a major professor were made in an
unpretentious and even humble manner. His students were never made to feel intimidated.
Because of his influence I was led to believe that a student of nature should never become
pompous and overly impressed with his knowledge. The complexities of the natural world
and life sciences do not permit pomposity in the true scientist.
Dr. Menzel will be remembered by those of us who knew him as a gentleman and
scholar. We truly miss him and feel regrets for those who will not have the chance to know
him.
Dr. Frank Perkins
October, 1990
PREFACE
Bivalve mollusks have long been used by mankind for food and as food for domesticated
animals. The shells are used for construction, as food supplements for certain domesticated
animals, for certain chemical manufacturing, and for conditioning the pH of farm lands. In
addition, ornaments and jewelry are made from shells and, of course, pearls.
Bivalves are filter feeders and efficiently collect diffuse plankton (mainly phytoplankton)
and convert these into nutritious and palatable animal meat. Since they are mainly primary
consumers, the loss of energy, when several food levels occur, is avoided.
An attempt is made to include all worldwide important species of bivalve mollusks
occurring in marine and estuarine habitats into one volume. Unfortunately, several areas are
not included. Scallops and clams are cultured in Europe and there is some culture in South
Africa (e.g., Crassostrea gigas Thunberg). The northwest coast of the U.S. and British
Columbia, Canada are not included. The pressure of other duties prevented the contributors
from these areas from furnishing manuscripts. This is an important region, producing con-
siderable tonnage of oysters as well as clams and scallops. It is in this region that commercial
applications of new experimental techniques have been undertaken in recent years. These
include the extensive use of hatcheries to supply seed, especially for the exotic Pacific or
Japanese oyster. Also, the use of induced triploid oysters is beginning to be exploited.
Triploid oysters are not as fertile as the normal diploid, and thus the energy used in production
of gametes is channelehd into continued growth. In addition, they maintain their meat weight
during the spawning season when spawned-out oysters may decrease as much as one-half.
Hatcheries have now developed techniques of shipping reared, ready-to-attach larvae to
buyers (growers), that avoids the transportation and handling costs of seed attached to cultch
material or even the less bulky cultchless seed.
All the contributors have followed a more or less general outline. The inclusion or
omission of data is the responsibility of each contributor. The use of the metric system for
weights and measures is used throughout the manuscripts. In some instances, the editor has
changed the classification of genera, especially for oysters, to conform to more recent
classification. Avoidance of duplication was not always possible because some species, e.g.,
the Japanese oyster, have been introduced to many areas throughout the world and the
biology and culture practices are similar. Also some species, e.g., the blue mussel, occur
naturally over wide areas and the same basic techniques for culture are used.
The arrangement of sequence of species and chapters has no satisfactory solution. It
was decided to group all species cultured within a region together, as much as possible.
Except for several species, all the discussions, including references cited, are brief
because of the need for inclusion in one volume. The exceptions are those relatively new
techniques developed for species that have been only recently cultured; therefore, fuller
treatises seemed warranted.
The editor thanks the contributors, all recognized authorities for the species discussed,
who have taken the time from their busy schedules to compile the data. The editor thanks
Dr. Anne Thistle and Ms. Terri Olson for editing and proofreading. Special thanks are given
to Ms. Patricia Klein for the laborious task of typing, retyping, editing, and proofreading.
Dr. Wu Yung, Zhejiang Mariculture Institute, is thanked for facilitating contacts in China.
The preparation has taken almost three years and CRC Press has shown forbearance and
patience, as have some of the early contributors. For some species, culture techniques are
developing rapidly, and some of the newer and more promising ones are not included.
Winston Menzel, Editor
Service Professor
Department of Oceanography
Florida State University
Tallahassee, Florida
THE EDITOR
Winston Menzel, Ph.D., Professor in the Department of Oceanography at Florida State
University, Tallahassee, Florida, (when he completed preparation for this volume), died of
illness shortly before its publication.
Dr. Menzel received his B.S. degree In Botany and subsequent M.A. in Aquatic Biology
from the College of William and Mary in 1940 and 1943, respectively, and his Ph.D. in
Biology from Texas A & M University in 1954. That same year he began his career of
teaching and research at Florida State University, where he remained until his death in 1989.
Dr. Menzel was an active member of the American Fisheries Society and the Estuarine
Research Federation. He served as president of the Gulf Estuarine Research Society and
also served as president of the National Shellfisheries Association. In 1985, he became a
member of the executive board of the Florida Aquaculture Association. The National Shell-
fisheries Association presented him with their Meritorious Award and in 1981 awarded him
honorary membership for contributions to molluscan biology.
From 1978 to 1988 he served on the Special Scientific and Statistical Committee on
Mollusks, for NMFS, NOAA, Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Plan. Since 1982 he
served on the Manuscript Review Board of the American Malacological Bulletin and since
1980, as official reviewer for Marine Fisheries Review.
Dr. Menzel's research ranged from projects in selective breeding and hybridization in
clams and oysters, to clam mariculture. In 1972 Dr. Menzel, working with the Florida State
Board of Natural Resources, developed a management program for the oyster resource in
Apalachicola Bay, Florida.
From 1955 through 1987 he served as major professor for fifty-one students who were
awarded masters or doctoral degrees at Florida State University.
During his career he authored 54 articles, numerous abstracts, book reviews, and reports,
as well as studies and evaluations for federal and state agencies. He served as consultant to
laboratories and private industry, and made numerous presentations as invited lecturer at
workshops on mariculture and estuarine ecology.
CONTRIBUTORS
Jay D. Andrews, Ph.D. Antonio J. Figueras, Ph.D.
Senior Marine Scientist (Retired) Colaborador Cientifico
Department of Malacology Consejo Superior Investigaciones
Virginia Institute of Marine Science Cientificas
Gloucester Point, Virginia Institute Investigaciones Marinas
Vigo, Spain
Erik Baqueiro C, M.Sc.
Subdirector William K. Fitt, Ph.D.
Centra Regional de Investigaciones Assistant Professor
Pesqueras Department of Zoology
Campeche, Mexico University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia
M. F. Bull, Ph.D.
Fisheries Management Division Osamu Fukuhara
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Senior Scientist
Nelson, New Zealand Nansei Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory
Keashne Chalermwat Ohno, Saeki, Hiroshima, Japan
Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences
New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Richard G. Gustafson
Station Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences
Rutgers University New Jersey Agricultural Experimental
New Brunswick, New Jersey Station
Rutgers University
Paul Chanley, M.A. New Brunswick, New Jersey
President and Secretary-Treasurer
Indian River Mariculture, Inc. Maurice Heral
Grant, Florida Chef de Laboratoire
Institut Francais Recherche Exploitation
Matoira H. Chanley Mer
Indian River Mariculture, Inc. La Tremblade, France
Grant, Florida
Robert Hickman, M.Sc.
J. M. Deslous-Paoli Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries
Institut Francais Recherche Exploitation Fisheries Research Division
Mer Wellington, New Zealand
La Tremblade, France
Herbert Hidu, Ph.D.
Parameswar Dinamani, Ph.D. Department of Zoology
Fisheries Scientist Rutgers University
Fisheries Research Division New Brunswick, New Jersey
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries
Wellington, New Zealand Susumu Ito
Director of Aquarium
Trevor G. Dix, Ph.D. Aomori Enterprise Public Service
Aquaculture Development Services Corporation
Tasmania, Australia Aomori Prefectural, Japan
Yutaka Kusuki Iracema Andrade Nascimento, D.Sc.
Chief Professor
Division of Fisheries Resources and Department of Biology
Environment Research Federal University of Bahia
Hiroshima Prefectural Fisheries Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
Experimental Station
Aki-gun, Hiroshima, Prefectural, Japan
Carter R. Newell, M.S.
Biologist
Rene E. Lavoie, Ph.D.
Great Eastern Mussel Farms, Inc.
Assistant Director
Tenants Harbor, Maine
Biological Sciences Branch
President
Fisheries and Oceans of Canada
Pemaquid Oyster Company
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
Darmariscotta, Maine
Board of Directors
David L. Leighton, Ph.D.
Maine Aquaculture Association
President
Darmariscotta, Maine
Marine Bioculture, Inc.
Leucadia, California
Zong-Oing Nie
Shieh Lianchen, M. A. Research Associate Professor
Professor Fuzhou Fisheries Research Institute
Department of Aquaculture Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
Qingdao University of Oceanology
Qingdao, Shandon, China
Kazuhiko Nogami
Richard A. Lutz Coastal Fisheries Development Division
Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences Japan Sea Regional Fisheries Research
New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Laboratory
Station Suido-cho, Niigata, Japan
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Neon C. Rosell, Ph.D.
Professor
U. H. Mane
Institute of Biology
Reader
University of Philippines
Zoology Department
Quezon City, Philippines
Marathwada University
Aurnagbad, India
Wang Rucai, M.M.C.
Winston Menzel, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Service Professor (deceased)
Department of Aquaculture
Department of Oceanography
Qingdao University of Oceanology
Florida State University
Qingdao, Shandong, China
Tallahassee, Florida
R. Nagabhushanam, Ph.D. Anibal Velez, M.Sc.
Professor and Head Professor
Zoology Department Department of Biologia Pesquera
Marathwada University Universidad de Oriente
Aurangbad, India Cumana-Sucre, Venezuela
Katsuhiko T. Wada, Dr. of Agriculture Peter H. Wolf, B.Sc.
Chief of Genetics Section Oyster Pathologist (retired)
Division of Genetics and Breeding Department of State Fisheries
National Research Institute of Bondi Juction, New South Wales,
Aquaculture Australia
Nansei, Mie, Japan
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We, the children of Dr. R. Winston Menzel, wish to express our gratitude to those
whose efforts have made the completion of this publication possible. Without their efforts
it would have been difficult.
Dr. Frank O. Perkins and Dr. Roger Mann of the School of Marine Science, Virginia
Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, for their assistance in the
editing and proofing of the book.
Patricia A. Klein of the Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, who
has been the coordinator for us in this effort.
Robert W. Menzell, Jr.
Gary P. Menzel
Mary Menzel Johnson
PUBLISHER'S ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Due to the untimely death of Dr. Winston Menzel during the editing process of this
book, the publishers had to obtain the services of other professionals in the field for the
final editing process. We would like to thank Dr. James P. McVey, of the National Sea
Grant College Program and Dr. Roger Mann, of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
who brought this volume together in its final form.