Estimating in Building Construction

286 Pages·2011·11 MB·English

Estimating in Building Construction
S E
EVENTH DITION
Frank R. Dagostino
Steven J. Peterson
Weber State University
Prentice Hall
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Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dagostino,Frank R.
Estimating in building construction / Frank R.Dagostino,Steven J.Peterson.—7th ed.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13:978-0-13-119952-1
ISBN-10:0-13-119952-8
1. Building—Estimates. 2. Building—Estimates—Data processing. I. Peterson,Steven J.
II.Title.
TH435.D18 2011
692’.5—dc22
2009038196
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 0-13-119952-8
ISBN 13:978-0-13-119952-1
To my father for encouraging me to get an education and
my mother for her loving support. SP
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PREFACE
T
(cid:2) A chapter discussing the project comparison method,
square-foot estimating,and assembly estimating has been
he seventh edition continues to build on the strong
added at the end ofthe book as Chapter 21.
foundation of the previous editions.The need for
(cid:2) The term “specifications”has been replaced with “project
estimators to understand the theory behind quan-
manual”when referring to the book that accompanies
tification is critical and must be fully understood prior to
the plans and includes the contract documents and other
performing any computerized estimating.This underlying
information as well as the technical specifications.The
premise has been one of the guiding principles that began
term “specifications”is used to refer to the technical
with Mr.Dagostino and continues with the current author.
specification.This was done to be consistent with prac-
This edition uses extensive examples and exercises to demon-
tices ofthe Construction Specifications Institute.
strate methodology and to the organization of the estimate.
Estimating is an art that relies heavily on the judgment ofthe (cid:2) A chapter providing an overview ofthe use ofcomput-
person performing the takeoff.A person’s estimating skills ers in construction estimating has been added as
can only be developed with practice;therefore,the reader is Chapter 5.
encouraged to work the example problems and apply the (cid:2) A discussion ofhow to determine labor burden has been
skills taught in this book.Since the estimate is used through- added to Chapter 7(formerly Chapter 6).
out the project,the assumptions and methodologies assumed (cid:2) A discussion ofhow to determine labor productivity has
must be documented and organized so that subsequent users been added to Chapter 7(formerly Chapter 6).
will have access to this knowledge.
(cid:2) The term “work hour”has been replaced with the more
commonly used term “labor hour”throughout the book.
NEW TO THIS EDITION (cid:2) The use ofpublished estimating data,such as RS Means,
has been added to Chapters 7and 21.
The intent ofthis revision is to expand the estimating mate-
rial covered by this book and to bring other material in line I thank the following for their insightful reviews:Frederick
with current industry practices.The following is a list ofkey E.Gould,Roger Williams University;Donald E.Mulligan,
changes and additions that have been made to this edition: Professor Emeritus at Arizona State University; and Wayne
Reynolds,Eastern Kentucky State University.
(cid:2) The discussion ofthe different types ofestimates (e.g.,
square foot and parametric estimates) has been
expanded in Chapter 1.
v
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CONTENTS
Unit-Price Agreement 12
chapter 1
Cost-Plus-Fee Agreements 13
INTRODUCTION TO ESTIMATING 1
2–3 Agreement Provisions 13
1–1 General Introduction 1
2–4 Bonds 14
1–2 Types of Estimates 2 Bid Bond 15
Detailed Estimate 2 Performance Bond 15
Assembly Estimating 2 Labor and Material Bond 15
Square-Foot Estimates 3
2–5 Obtaining Bonds 15
Parametric Estimates 3
2–6 Insurance 16
Model Estimating 3
Project Comparison Estimates 4 Web Resources 17
1–3 Estimating Opportunities 4 Review Questions 17
1–4 The Estimator 6 chapter 3
1–5 Quantity Surveying 7
PROJECT MANUAL 18
1–6 Types of Bids 7
3–1 Introduction 18
1–7 Contract Documents 7
3–2 Construction Specifications
1–8 Bidding Information 8 Institute 18
1–9 Availability of Contract Documents 8 3–3 Invitation to Bid (Advertisement
for Bids) 21
1–10 Sources of Estimating
Information 9 3–4 Instruction to Bidders (Information
for Bidders) 22
Web Resources 10
3–5 Bid (Proposal) Forms 24
Review Questions 10
3–6 Form of Owner/Contractor
chapter 2 Agreement 24
3–7 General Conditions 24
CONTRACTS, BONDS, AND INSURANCE 11
3–8 Supplementary General
2–1 The Contract System 11
Conditions 24
2–2 Types of Agreements 11
3–9 Specifications 25
Lump-Sum Agreement (Stipulated Sum,
Fixed Price) 12 3–10 Alternates 25
vii
viii CONTENTS
3–11 Addenda 25 6–6 Checklist 48
Undistributed Labor 48
3–12 Errors in the Specifications 26
Temporary Buildings, Enclosures, and
Web Resources 27
Facilities 48
Review Questions 27 Temporary Office 49
Barricades and Signal Lights 49
chapter 4 Temporary Utilities 50
THE ESTIMATE 28 Repairs and Protection 50
Relocating Utilities 50
4–1 Organization 28
Cleaning 50
4–2 Planning the Estimate 28
Permits 50
4–3 Notebook 28 Professional Services 51
Labor Burdens and Taxes 51
4–4 To Bid or Not to Bid 29
Bonds and Insurance 51
4–5 The Estimate 29
Miscellaneous Equipment and
4–6 Site Investigation 31 Services 51
4–7 Specialty Contractors 32 Web Resources 51
4–8 Materials 33 Review Questions 51
4–9 Workup Sheets 33
chapter 7
4–10 Summary Sheet 34
LABOR 53
4–11 Errors and Omissions 36
7–1 Labor Hours and
Web Resources 37
Productivity 53
Review Questions 37
7–2 Unions—Wages and Rules 56
chapter 5 7–3 Open Shop 57
7–4 Labor Burden 57
COMPUTERS IN ESTIMATING 38
7–5 Pricing Labor 59
5–1 Overview 38
Web Resources 60
5–2 Benefits and Dangers of Computerized
Estimating 38 Review Questions 60
5–3 Spreadsheets 39
chapter 8
5–4 Specialized Estimating
Software 39 EQUIPMENT 61
5–5 Takeoff Software 40 8–1 General 61
Web Resources 42 8–2 Operating Costs 61
Review Questions 42 8–3 Depreciation 62
chapter 6 8–4 Interest 62
8–5 Ownership Costs 63
OVERHEAD AND CONTINGENCIES 43
8–6 Rental Costs 64
6–1 Overhead 43
8–7 Miscellaneous Tools 64
6–2 Home Office Overhead 43
8–8 Cost Accounting 64
6–3 Job Overhead (General Conditions,
Direct Overhead) 45 8–9 Mobilization 64
6–4 Scheduling 47 8–10 Checklist 65
6–5 Contingencies 48 Review Questions 65
CONTENTS ix
chapter 9 10–9 Forms 111
EXCAVATION 66 10–10 Form Liners 113
9–1 General 66 10–11 Checklist 114
9–2 Specifications 66 10–12 Precast Concrete 114
9–3 Soil 66 10–13 Specifications 115
9–4 Calculating Excavation 66 10–14 Estimating 115
9–5 Equipment 67 10–15 Precast Tees 116
9–6 Earthwork—New Site Grades and 10–16 Precast Slabs 116
Rough Grading 67
10–17 Precast Beams and
Cross-Section Method 69 Columns 117
Average End Area 76
10–18 Miscellaneous Precast 117
9–7 Perimeter and Area 78
10–19 Precast Costs 117
9–8 Topsoil Removal 79
10–20 Precast Checklist 118
9–9 General Excavation 81
Web Resources 118
9–10 Special Excavation 85
Review Questions 118
9–11 Backfilling 85
chapter 11
9–12 Excess and Borrow 87
MASONRY 119
9–13 Spreading Topsoil, Finish
Grade 87 11–1 General 119
9–14 Landscaping 87 11–2 Specifications 119
9–15 Pumping (Dewatering) 88 11–3 Labor 119
9–16 Rock Excavation 88 11–4 Bonds (Patterns) 119
9–17 Subcontractors 88 11–5 Concrete Masonry 120
Concrete Block 120
9–18 Excavation Checklist 88
11–6 Specifications—Concrete
9–19 Piles 89
Masonry 122
9–20 Pile Checklist 90
11–7 Estimating—Concrete Masonry 122
9–21 Asphalt Paving 90
11–8 Clay Masonry 125
Web Resources 91
11–9 Specifications—Brick 125
Review Questions 91
11–10 Estimating Brick 126
chapter 10 11–11 Specifications—Tile 128
CONCRETE 92 11–12 Estimating Tile 128
10–1 Concrete Work 92 11–13 Stone Masonry 128
10–2 Estimating Concrete 92 11–14 Specifications—Stone 128
10–3 Reinforcing 100 11–15 Estimating Stone 128
10–4 Vapor Retarder 107 11–16 Mortar 129
10–5 Accessories 108 11–17 Accessories 129
10–6 Concrete Finishing 108 11–18 Reinforcing Bars 133
10–7 Curing 110 11–19 Cleaning 133
10–8 Transporting Concrete 111 11–20 Equipment 134