Estimates of persons income eligible for the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in 1989 national and state tables

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_.._.,o,Estimates of Persons
(_ UnitedStates
Agriculture
_,_::_ Income Eligible for the
Special SUpplemental
AnalysisOaffnicde°'
_v,u_.oFnood. Program for
WOmen, Infants a
(WlC)i n 'r__8'9
Chrildren
National and State.Tables
ESTIMATES OF PERSONS INCOME ELIGIBLE FOR
THE SPECIAL SUPPLEMENTAL FOOD PROGRAM FOR
WOMEN, INFANTS AND CHILDREN (WIC) IN 1989
NATIONAL AND STATE TABLES
Produced by Sigma One Corporation
Contract Number 53-3198-2-14
Office of Analysis and Evaluation
Food and Nutrition Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
August 1993
ESTIMATES OF PERSONS INCOME ELIGIBLE FOR WIC IN 1989
CONTENT
The following estimates were developed by Sigma One Corporation under contract
to the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) using data from a special extract of the
long form sample of the 1990 Decennial Census of Housing and Population. The
estimates fulfill P.L. 101-147's mandate to use the 1990 Census to produce State-
and county-level estimates of women, infants and children who are members of
families with incomes below the WIC income eligibility limit.
Because the 1990 Census collected information on 1989 annual incomes, these
estimates are for calendar year 1989. Estimates for all 50 States, the District of
Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Guam are included. The estimates of
pregnant, postpartum breastfeeding and postpartum non-breastfeeding women,
infants (under 1 year of age) and children (1-4 years) at or below 185 percent of
poverty represent the average monthly number of persons income eligible for the
WIC Program. Estimates are also provided for the number of women, infants and
children at or below 75 percent, 100 percent and 130 percent of poverty.
Additionally, a count of the total population at all incomes in each category is
included for reference. Poverty income status is based on reported annual family
income from the Census and Federal poverty income guidelines in effect in 1989.
The estimates do not include persons with incomes above 185 percent of poverty
who may be eligible for WIC under the Medicaid adjunct eligibility provisions. In
addition, the estimates are not adjusted for nutritional risk and therefore include
persons who are not fully eligible to participate in WIC.
State-level estimates are broken down by race/ethnicity, poverty level and age.
County-level estimates include racial/ethnic detail for the at or below 185 percent
of poverty level. Census counts of all persons and women 15-44 are provided as
points of reference for comparison with persons with incomes below WIC Program
guidelines.
METHODOLOGY
The estimates are based on census counts of infants (under 1 year of age) and
children (1-4 years). The Census does not identify pregnant, postpartum
breastfeeding and postpartum non-breastfeeding women, so these categories are
estimated by a methodology that uses vital statistics and survey data in addition to
the Census data.
i
Pregnant Women
The estimates of the average monthly number of pregnant women at any stage of
gestation were calculated by estimating the number of women pregnant for any
portion of 1989 adjusted for the portion of 1989 they were pregnant. Census
counts used include women with their own infants and infants not with their own
mothers. The census counts were adjusted to account for multiple births and fetal
and infant deaths.
Postpartum Breastfeeding and Non-Breastfeedinq Women
The estimates of postpartum breastfeeding and postpartum non-breastfeeding
women were also derived from counts of women with their own infants and
infants not with their own mothers adjusted for multiple births and fetal and infant
deaths. Estimates of breastfeeding duration by maternal age and income level
were developed using data from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health
Survey.
Infants and Children
The estimates of infants under one year of age and children I through 4 years of
age were based on direct counts from the Census data. It should be noted that
these estimates differ from other published Census data because they: 1) use
Federal poverty income guidelines rather than Census poverty thresholds; 2) use
an adjusted count of infants developed by the Census to correct for the
misclassification of infants less than one year of age; and, 3) include some infants
and children, such as those in foster care, roomers,boarders and in group quarters,
without income information that are not included in the Census poverty universe.
LIMITATIONS
Because these estimates of income eligible persons have not been adjusted to
include Medicaid adjunct eligibles or to exclude those persons not at nutritional risk
and thus not fully eligible for WlC, they cannot be used directly for calculating WlC
coverage rates. Because these estimates are for 1989, they do not capture any
change in the number of persons at or below 185 percent of poverty that has
occurred since 1989. Finally, the estimates cannot account for differences
between actual WlC program income determinations and estimating income
eligibility with Census data. The methodology used cannot duplicate the income
determination process that takes place in the WlC clinic on a case by case basis.
ii
FUTURE WORK
Work is underway to update procedures for estimating the proportion of WlC
income eligible persons likely to be at nutritional risk and thus fully eligible for the
WlC Program. The nutritional risk analysis will use survey data from the 1988
National Maternal and Infant Health Survey and the Third National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey. The estimate will also include the effect of Medicaid
adjunct eligibility regulations on the number of persons income eligible for WlC.
FNS will issue a final report which will explain the methodologies used to derive all
estimates.
FNS will also continue to produce annual national estimates of eligible persons.
The annual estimates of eligible persons will continue to be based on annual March
Current Population Survey data and information from the 1990 Census-based
estimates and other appropriate data bases.
SUMMARY
The detailed State- and county-level estimates have been developed to meet the
P.L. 101-147 requirement and to be useful to State and local WIC agency
administrators and planners, researchers, and others interested in WIC program
operations at State and local levels. These Census-based estimates for 1989 were
developed using a consistent and comprehensive methodology and provide a level
of State and county detail that is not possible from any other data source. The
tables that follow present FNS' best estimates of the average monthly number of
women, infants and children income eligible for the WIC Program due to family
incomes less than or equal to 185 percent of poverty in 1989.
iii
Organization of the Tables
The first table in this volume, titled "Summary" provides an overview of the State
level estimates of the average monthly number of WlC income eligible women,
infants and children in 1989. Detailed national and State tables follow the
summary table led by two sets of National total tables. One is for the United
States (including 50 States and the District of Columbia) without the outlying areas
and the other is the United States plus Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Guam.
After the national tables, the tables are grouped by State. Tables for the 50 States
and the District of Columbia are presented in alphabetical order with tables for
Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Guam at the end. Tables identified below as
Tables 1 through 6 are provided for each geographic area.
Summary: Estimates of Average Monthly Number of Women, Infants and
Children Income Eligible for the WlC Program in 1989 by State
Table 1: Estimates of Average Monthly Number of Women, Infants & Children
in 1989 by Race/Ethnicity and Income Level
Table 2: Detailed Estimates of Average Monthly Number of Infants & Children
in 1989 by Race/Ethnicity, Income Level and Age
Table 3: Detailed Estimates of Average Monthly Number of Pregnant Women in
1989 by Race/Ethnicity, Income Level and Age
Table 4: Detailed Estimates of Average Monthly Number of Postpartum Non-
Breastfeeding Women in 1989 by Race/Ethnicity, Income Level and
Age
Table 5: Detailed Estimates of Average Monthly Number of Postpartum
Breastfeeding Women in 1989 by Race/Ethnicity, Income Level and
Age
Table 6: 1990 Census Counts of Women 15-44 and Persons by Race/Ethnicity
and Income Level (NOT CATEGORICALLY ELIGIBLE FOR WIC)
iv
SUMMARY - Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Women, Infants and Children Income Eligible for the WIC Program in 1989
Pregnant Postpartum Postpartum All Infants Children All WIC
Women NonBreastfeeding Breastfeeding Women age:< i age: 1--4 Groups
Alabama 18,408 10,730 4,561 33,699 28,101 107,589 169 389
Alaska 3,302 1,898 895 6,095 5,086 18,471 29 652
Arizona 19,608 10,828 5,074 35,510 29,634 108,391 173 535
Arkansas 11,952 6,852 2,889 21,693 18,122 70,931 110 746
California 132,362 72,145 35,187 239,694 205,688 736,847 1,182 229
Colorado 12,268 7,067 3,283 22,618 19,028 75,211 116 857
Connecticut 6,646 3,778 1,765 12,189 10,255 39 959 62 403
Delaware 1,812 1,048 459 3,319 2,924 11 481 17 724
District of Colun_ia 3,092 1,688 774 5,554 4,492 13 369 23 415
Florida 47,228 27 015 12,412 86,655 74,065 280 201 440 921
Georgia 29,211 17 014 7,228 53,453 44,675 164 122 262 250 !!
Hawaii 4,311 2 548 1,200 8,059 6,930 24 840 39 829 !i
Idaho 5,009 2 918 1,356 9,283 7,779 30 868 47 930
Illinois 40,297 22 630 10,302 73,229 60,811 231 258 365 298
Indiana 18_457 11 002 4,880 34,339 29,548 116 011 179 898
Iowa 8,986 5 271 2,454 16,711 14,521 58 522 89 754
Kansas 8,976 5,266 2,419 16,661 14,211 57 072 87 944
Kentucky 16,865 9,665 4,133 30,663 25,708 99 224 155 595
Louisiana 25,554 14,154 6,253 45,961 37,443 144 645 228 049
Maine 3,430 2,021 926 6,377 5,682 24 889 36 948
Maryland 11,106 6,451 3,002 20,559 18,473 71 227 110 259
Massachusetts 14,118 7,946 3,789 25,853 21,600 85 685 133 138
Michigan 38,396 21,568 9,620 69,584 57,920 210 556 338 060
Minnesota 12,641 7 245 3,554 23 440 20,372 81 130 124 942
Mississippi 16,945 9 472 3,984 30 401 24,844 92 038 147 283
Missouri 19,451 11 157 4,988 35 596 30,020 117 996 183 612
Montana 3,518 2 014 972 6 504 5,505 22 772 34 781
Nebraska 5,867 3 441 1,654 10 962 9,418 37 24S 57 628
Nevada 4,449 2 584 1,203 8 236 7,051 25 830 41 117
Page 1
SUH_LRRY - Estimates c_f the Ax_erage Monthly Number of Women, Infants axed Children Income Eli_lb]_ fcr tl%_ WIC Pr_qr_m in 1989
Pregnant Postpartum Postp_rttlm Ail Inf_rlts C!hildler_ All WIC
Woman NonBre_stfeeding B_eastfeeding Women _ge:< 1 age: 1_4 Groups
New Hampshire 1,950 1,186 555 3,691 3,436 14,601 21,728
New Jersey 16,253 9,288 4,425 29,966 25,609 98,789 154 364
New Mexico 9,953 5,461 2,581 17,995 14,970 55,281 88 246
New York 64 831 35,755 17,273 117,859 97,251 362,426 577 536
North Carolina 25797 15,268 6,584 47,649 40,643 149,981 238 273
North Dakota 2720 1,605 762 5,087 4,238 16,678 26 003
Ohio 40173 22,920 10,238 73,331 61,383 238,351 373 065
Oklahoma 14 554 8,333 3,621 26,508 22,347 88,149 137004
Oregon 10.751 6,191 2,911 19,853 17,151 65,888 102 892
Pennsylvania 34 664 20,077 9,273 64,014 55,227 220,748 339 989
Rhode Island 2701 1,545 734 4,980 4,113 16,780 25 873
South Carolina 16114 9,430 4,055 29,599 24,878 92 3ol 146778
South Dakota 3,464 1,934 935 6,333 5,204 21 363 32 900
Tennessee 20,728 11,955 5,089 37,772 31 955 120 112 189 839
Texas 91,738 51,482 23,313 166,533 137406 520 260 824 199
Utah 8,892 5,309 2,582 16,783 14346 55 655 86,784
Vermont 1,537 904 450 2,891 2 507 10 738 16,136
Virginia 18,343 10,938 4,893 34,174 29 843 113 321 177,338
Washington 16,745 9,688 4,516 30,949 26 990 104 314 162,253
West Virginia 7,861 4,386 1,869 14,116 11 518 45,639 71,273
Wisconsin 16,083 9,283 4,291 29,657 24 968 101,542 156,167
Wyoming 1,860 1,095 510 3,465 2 877 11,977 18,319
United States (50 States & D.C.) 971,976 551,449 252,676 1,776,101 1,498,766 5,683,277 8,958,144
Puerto Rico 36,976 17 833 7,767 62,576 59,278 209,543 331,397
Virgin Islands 740 362 170 1,272 1,101 4,684 7,057
Guam 868 404 194 1,466 1,402 5,880 8,748
United States (50 States & D.C.) &
Puerto Rico,Virgin Islands,& Guam 1,010,560 570,048 260,807 1,841,415 1,560,547 5,903,384 9,305,346
Page 2
United States (50 States & D.C.)
TABLE 1 - Estimates of Average Monthly Number cf Womem, Infants and Children in 1989 by Race/Ethnicity, Income Leuel and Age
75% Povert_ and Below
Postpartum Postpartum All Infants Children All WIC
Race/Ethnic Group: Pregnant NonBreastfeeding Breastfeeding Women ag_: <1 9ge: 1-4 Groups
All Groups 381,316 219,543 96 738 697,597 583,863 2,193 222 3,474,682
White, NonHiepanic 135,705 81,320 35 764 252,789 225,497 866 976 1,335,262
Black, NonHiapanic 150,176 84,114 35 556 269,846 216,491 780 488 1,266,826
American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut 9,164 5,086 2 316 16,566 13,520 49 505 79,591
Asian, Pacific Islander 9,266 5,326 2 885 17,477 14,810 52 980 85,267
Hispanic 76,722 43,480 20 121 140,323 123,545 436 406 700,274
Other, NonHiapanic 282 210 90 582 0 6 868 7,449
1001 Po%,ert_ and Below
Postpartum Postpartum All Infants Children All WIC
Race/Ethnic Group: Pregnant NonBreaatfeeding Breastfeedi(cid:4)g Women age: <1 age: 1-4 Groups
All Groups 510,876 290 674 129 020 930,570 778,161 2,938,187 4,646,918
White, NonMispanic 193,078 114 892 50 899 358,869 306,907 1,228,012 1,893,788
Black, NonHispanic 183,579 101 583 43 055 328,217 263,118 950,375 1,541,710
American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut 12,025 6 562 3 003 21,590 17,165 63,284 102,039
Asian, Pacific Islander 14,035 7 786 4 234 26,055 21,185 78,106 125,346
Rispanic 107,816 59 604 27 730 195,150 169,786 609,211 974,147
Other, NonHispanic 342 240 103 685 0 9,199 9,884
1301 Poverty and Below
Postpartum Postpartum All Infants Children All WIC
Race/Ethnic Groupc Pregnant NonBreastfeeding Breastfeed!ng Woman aaa_ : <l age: 1-4 Groups
All Groups 675,953 384,417 172 460 1,232,830 1,038,626 3,906,356 6,177,812
White, NonHispanic 276,338 165,328 74 157 515,823 446,933 1,766,492 2,729,247
Black, NonRispani= 219,079 120,010 51 108 390,197 313,450 1,132,690 1,836,337
American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut 14,929 8,101 3 726 26,756 21,437 78,745 126,938
Asian, Pacific Islander 19r477 10,761 5 886 36,124 28,789 105,449 170,362
Hispanic 145,685 79,868 37 436 262,989 228,018 811,061 1,302,068
Other, NcnHiapanic 445 335 146 926 0 11,918 12,844
1851 Poverty and Below (WIC Income Eligible)
Postpartum Postpartum All Infants Children All WIC
Race/Ethnic Group: Pregnant NonBreastfeeding Breastfeeding Women age: <1 age: 1-4 Groups _
Ail Groups 971,976 551,449 252,676 1,776 101 1,498,766 5,683,277 8,958,144
White, NonHispanic 447,057 266,777 123,209 837 043 726,570 2,895,016 4,458,629
Black, NonBispanic 271,075 147,996 63,799 482 870 389,767 1,405,92o 2,278,557
A_erican Indian, Eskimo, Aleut 18,873 10,162 4,679 33 714 26,585 99,849 160,148
Asian, Pacific Islander 27,880 15,269 8,328 51 477 40,209 152,343 244,029
Hispanic 206,408 110,735 52,424 369 567 315,635 1,113,673 1,798,875
Other, NonHispanic 683 502 226 i 411 0 16,476 17,887
Population at All Incomes
Postpartum Postpartum All Infants Children All WIC
Race/Ethnic Group: Pregnant NonBreastfeedinq Breastfeeding Women age: <1 age.: 1-4 _roops
All Groups 3,056,464 1,330,404 979 442 5,366 310 3,945,974 15,059,592 24,371,876
White, NonHispanic 2,048,785 866,451 691 817 3,607 053 2,631,202 1(%,297,812 16,536,067
Black, NonRispanic 464,555 220,304 125 197 810 056 606,503 2,212,603 3,629,162
A_erican Indian, Eskimo, Aleut 32,156 15,267 8 880 56 303 40,070 145,748 242,121
Asian, Pacific Islander 101,046 42,436 36 218 179 700 121,180 459,902 760,782
Hispanic 408,281 185,039 116 729 710 049 547,019 1,909,081 3,166,149
Other, NonHispanic 1,641 918 600 3 159 0 34,446 37,605
United States (50 States & D.C.) Page 3