Essere nel mondo. Con un’introduzione critica alla sua analisi esistenziale di Jacob Needleman

354 Pages·1973·8.01 MB·Italian

by  Ludwig Binswanger

INTRODlTZIONE
In" Freeul dac ostitduezliplosanhi eic atcrliian" i,Lcu adwBiig nswan-
gesrc rive:
Erau nam attdinisa e ttemdberl1e 29 7A.n dan\da'o di a clo ngresso
denie uroel ogdiep gsliic htieadterscich hesi it eneavV ai encnoar,s i
verils oS emmerdianF gr eud,v endoenn ld'ood riar icambfiianrael ­
mentle' inndtiimceavbiisliceth aem ia vevfaa titno eupnoc'ap iù
durSat.a vpoer p artei praer,l amdmevoie cctheim pBie.np resitlo
discorristoo srunq òu elclhoce i a vevaav vicviennatt'ipa rninmiea ,
chcei a veva nuonniotsitl aann otsetp rrao fodnidvae rsoiptiàn idoin i,
cioièll a vodreols luava i tea slua'a g raindd'eePa. r endelnosd pou n­
tod au n pcaorltaciraesc ol in(inucaof ormmao ltgor avdein evrosi
ossssei)vc ahe acvie vdaa tmoo ltdoaf argel,di o mancdhaeic ossai
dovespseen sadrefela tcthoeq uesmtail antoinr iescaoc noom piere
proprqiuoe ll'uplatsisdmoeo c isdiiiv nog shipts incaolaoi cthiec il
medidceov per etenddael roere or ,i mangcoonsnoìe llloer moi serie
nonosttauntgttlesii f oer zpiir ogsrsteie cnciocmip ifuitnaiod a llora.
Pecro ntriabluslioarl eu zdiiqo unees ptrooe bmlam,i s embrnaevcae s­
sarsiuop pocrhrqee u esftaol limdeenniot sot prazii enatndia ivnat eso
comie lr isuldtia taqolu cocshaes is arebpobteu tdoe fingiernee ri­
camenctoemu en a'a crendzisa p irittàcu'ia,olc èio muen i'ncapdacii tà
porcsoinil mediscuou nos tesso l'iocvmeulnlioc asdzipi iorniet uale'
daqlu ale vpeodteegrrle' im i pulistsii ntiunalcico inis'nq uestieo ne,
quinrdeia liqzuzearlveli oatr tisaus e staenscshqieu eel l'uplatsismo o
decisNiovnco r.e daeltltmeii eo reciceqh uando lsase unrati isip :o sta
"Giàl,o s pirèi ttuot "t;po enscahiei nq uesctaos coo nl ap arola
'spiergiltiion 'td eensqsuea lcdoiss iam iall'elit nelelnizgMaa. F reud
progsuei":L' umanhiast eàm psraep uftitonr opbpeond eia velroe
spiitreor;a neccehiseols eam roisaots rcshie s teosaninoc ghleii s tinti.
Mag luio minnoins ia ccontemnatina,on onr iescaodan sop etet are,
voglisoenmop qruea lcdoics oam pleed tifo i nietpop;ub ries ocgon­a
mincidaaqr uea lpcahreet peo pir oceldeenrtea meanvtae"n .ti in
Incoragdgaqi uaetsoat faf ermazainodnaaevi,a ndtiui na ltpraos seo ,
8 Introduzione
gldii scshies econmdeoe rnae cessaamrmieot tneer'leoul mol e'sisten­
zad iu nas pecideic ategoria drife olnidgeoci ,ho eis nao gnmio don on
potevo aclc'eitptocathreee's ilri e ligifoossous'ne f enomedneor iva­
bildeaq uaolsc'al(tNartou.r almennotnpe e nsaavlol' aan scidtiua n'a
particorlealrieg oi odneel 'learli gioinnes 'é m,a p iuttoas qtuoe llo
ches uccessivhamoei nmtpea ratcoh iaam ailr rea pporrteol igioso
'oi-tu')M.a avevpor etetsroo pdpaol nloes tproes sibdiila icctoàr do,
ed oveptrtoiv alrase u ar esizsat":eL nar eligimio nsep"i,es goòm ma­
riamen"tnaes,c e bdiaslo gdniao i uteo d all'angdoeslbc aimab ien o
delgliao vaunmea nintoànc, ' nèi endtafe a rci ".a pIrilnì ct aasnsteot ­
tod elsluaas criav:a"n Èii lm omentdoim ostraurnlace e rctoas "a,
continmueòn,t mir ep onevdaa vanutnmi a noscrfiintittdooa ,tl iotlo
Ilf utduir oiu lnslaiu ognuea,r dansdoormrii dceonnad roi a lievemente
intertriovgIaan.d ovifnaacii lmednaqt uee,l clhoes tavadmioc endo,
chec osas ignifiqcuaetslis teo Olrom.a eir ag iunilt om omentdoe l
commiaFtroe.u mid accompaaglnlpòao rtea l,e u ltipmaer oclhee
mid iscsoen,un sorrsiasgog eiv oa gameinrtoen ifcuor,o n"oPu:r trop­
pon onpo sso soddliess ufeae rsei gernezleis ge.i"1o
Questrai evocazdiioBn ien swanèg ienrt eresnsoanns toelp oe rché
mettien l ucuen a tteggiamreingtuoa arldlor ae ligione ddiaf ferente
queldlioF reuÈd .s ignifiscoaptriavtatp uetrctrhoéi assuunmo er ien­
tamenptsoi chiavterrislco'o u ocmho ep,i ùd io gnsii ngodliaf ferenza
dip untdiiv isthaan, e ttamednitfef eiraetlnoaz' ntropoa[nDaalsiesiin ­
sanael]dy aslplsai cosa.inI anlq iuelsltoe sasnnoo ,1 927v,e niva pub­
blicSateoiu nn dZ eidtiH eideggcehref ,o rnivaa B inswanlgate err mi­
nologegi lasi t rumecnotnic etcthuega lils ie rvivpaenrao r ticoillsa uroe
approcaclilpoas h iicatIrli a.s uo primo liamvposororott ltan'oti en fluen­
za Hdeii degagpepra rsvoteto fordmiua n as erdiiea rtinceoSll ci hwei;zer
ArchfiiiNvre uroluongPdis ey chidaal1t 9r3ia1el1 93s3e,r iinet itolata
"Sulfluagd aii dee("O bIedre ecnhf)tSl.eu nzdau bbBiion swgaenar veva
inm entle's oservazidoinF er eu"d'l,u manhiats eàm prsea puftiotn r oppo
bendei a verleos pitro;ie ran ecesscahreii ool em ostracshsee is iosnto
anchgel iis t"i,nq tuiandaoc ,o nclusdiiqo unees stear isec,r iveva:
Los pir(intesolu os ignifpiicùaa mtpoi coh,en onc omprensdoell oo
stremtetnatree ligeitoisecodo,e steteil c'oi)s tsionnctooo n cetti limi­
ten esle nscohe g l'ii isnttsio'nc oi còh er imasnees ic onsidle'orumao
comes pogliadteol lsop iriet loos, p irèi ctioò c her imanqeu ando
lu'omoè totalmdeenvtiet alMiaz lz'atetose.in szuam annao np rocede
maie sclusivcaommeesn ptier oi itsot ienstsoèa, s emprtea ntlo'n uo
1B inswangpepr.1, 8 6-d7 elp rensteev olume.
In trodnue1. i9o
chel 'alStorloto.e oricamente, o astsrpaitrtpiaotmsoe­ nte, istinto e
soneos sesrcei. s.Ss.eiN ietzsec lhape s icoanhaalninsmioo strato
chlei' stintusaplietcài,a lnmeelnfltoaer ma sdeesllsau aesltietnàld,ae
suai nfluseinnzaoal lpei ùa ltvee tdteel slpai rituumaalninato,ài
abbiacmeor cdatimo o strcaormeel as piritguiaulnifgtiaànn elle
pieghep rpoifùo dned'lei v talIena' l.t praer oalbeb iatmeon tdait o
dimostcroamrese i d ebbap arldaerlevl iat rae ligmioorsaael,de
estetiinqc uae lslfee dreel l'esuimsatnecanh zesa i naod o ras ono
appardsoem ineastcel usivdaamlevlniatt 'eav itoa ilset'i ntDi uale.
parpia spsrooc edleac onsapevcohlsee ipz azradl iar eligài,mo osriat­
lietdàe stentoincs ao ldoo vle' uoèm goi unatdo ucnhai aaruat oco­
sciednziau ns ép ersiseti enndtiep enmdaei nntt eu,tq tuie cia si in
rui un sép ermanenpteer,s isot ceonmtese iv oglia indtiernez,i ona
uno gget(Gt eog en-Scthaesn iod p)p onaede ssTou.t tcoi òp er
chiariurnte e rmiqnuea l'pesi riitnoc on.s2c io'
Nel1 936B inswapnrgoenru nucndi iòs coirnos coc asdieonlel 'ottan­
tesicmoom pleadniFn roe uQdu.e sstcor iitnttoi,t ·o·lLacato on cezione
freuddiealnla' uaolmlloau cdee 'lnaltropio"al,do egscriivl eivmiate in ­
troc uli ap sicoacnoamHesd oit trdienhlalo 'mnoa tusream pliec izza
costrlianp giee nedzezllara e alutmàa nBai.n swamnegnetrvr eed eivna
questsae mplifiucnap zeizoznnoee c esspaerrlie 'of ficdaeclislapa i ega­
ziosncei en,ta illfosi tceastseom ppor oponcehvleaa p sicolsocgiiean tifica
e lap sichidaotvreisasf eornod asrusu in ad iscipclhiein nac ludiels se
problaenmtao lodgeilclo' etsosteadrleeell 'uoSmool.co o silna fttcii ò
chdee vees sesrpei egeas teom plifipcoattemova an tenleasr ueia n terezza
lungilo p rogreddeillrsaec iae.nzB inswanmgaenrdu òn ac opidae lla
confereFnrzeau cdha,er ispcoosnue n ac aloreo dsiav errtiiatfaf erma­
ziodneel sluapa o sizione:
Caraom icloa,s uac onferèe unnzaac arsao rprQeuseal.cl hie
lh'annuod iet am e hannen o reirfaenrroii mtaovs itsii bilimnetnotce­
catpie,er s sdie vees sesrteaan tcah et ropdpiof fiNceilll eeg.g eirol a
mir alledgerlsaluiaba e ldliaz idoenlesl,ua ea r udizdieolanmlep',i ezza
dds uoo rizzodnettlea ,tn teocl o ntradDdili ordese.is opportano,
èn oto, smqiusaunrtaitteà .
Naturalimote untvttienaa o nl ec re.dI oom it rovsoe mpsroel o
nepl artee nrerlse o utedrerleadlii'nf iLceiipo e.n scaam,b ianidlo
puntdoiv iscthae, vseida en chuenp iansou periioncr ueai,b itano
ospictoisd li stintrie lciogmeiedoa nretf er,ga l ail triq.u esIltneo i
2B inswanUgbeerIrd, e ecnhfltSu,c hweAirzcehrfii ivNr e uroluongdPi sey chia­
triveo,L3 0 ( 9132-)3,p3 p.7 5-76_
10 Introduzione
nonè l u'nicloag, r apna rtdi ee sempldaicr uil tduerlal 'hnoamtou ra
penscao slE.s ssio noi nc iòc onservaitoor riiv,o luzioSnea rio.
avessi uannacv oirtdiaa l avodraov anat mie ,o serceoisa ìs segnare
anchaeq uei innaa tlitu onpo ston elmliaa b asscaa se..t.3t a
Sef ossvei voog gei potesvseed elroes viludpeploanl tr'oopalnsiia
Freuadv rebsbeen zdau bbaicoc epnitaùis pcroin tqruoe sto 'reazionario'
movimedin troi toarlnlo'o sri ptioM'a. saredbapb aer steu agi usitciafto
rifiuctoamrere e aziounnaars icau odil pae nsierdoà il c phieùp rofondo
assenas tou tltees ues copeer cthees enzdia e ssmea ia vrebpboet uto
vederleal uceA? d iri lv erola,'n tropantaelnitsdaiir icondulror e
spirnietlosl cai enzap sdieclhliama at rè iuan,an ozionsep idrici hteo
sarebbe potutsao ldeoom peForr geeur"deL. a l ibeerstsàe nzdieallle' uo­
mo"n onè p iùvi sctoam es epardaatlasl uapa a rtecipaallzami aotneer ia
eda lc or;p oslcai ennoznaè piùv isctoam ec ontrasctoanln atl ei bertà
e los piriPtiouo.ts ttlo,as cienèz aab brcaicadtaal lsop irciotmoeun
movimendteol slpoi rsitteos es doe ll'istdientllou'mauolBi.it nàs wanger
nonr icesrfceadr eel l'esuimsatnecanzh aea rgomenctoanntoilr poo tere
esplicdaetliplvsaooi acnalQiuseil.lc oh e epgolnieè uni nterrogativo
kanti:a" nCoosac 'nèe ll'ucohmefo as ìc hel as uae sistpeonszseaas sere
spiegdaatlalp as icoiasnia?Pl"e.r cqiòu andBoi nswansgide uro lceh e
ilr iduziondielslsmaco i ennzaatr ualsei aap plicaaltloo'm uo,e glnio n
ponien d iscuslsaico anpea cdietlàsl cai eand zaars piegaizm,ia op niutto­
stos ip reocccuhpeca i còh e viene ssipiain eetsgona etlosl uaa p iena
realfteàn omenEigclani.o nd icael lsac ien"zTau:n onp uosip iegare
Ios pirdietlol 'u;o mocc"ihòee gldii cèe: "Bcahdeèa l os pirdietlo­
lu'omoc het us tasip iegando!".
Se noic hiamiaqmuoe st'os pirciotsoc'i elnizbae,ro t pàe nsiero,
arriviianmfoia ndue n p untnoe lslcai ednezlasl poi riinct uoci i t roviamo
di fronatdeu naa ntinoom aidau nac ontraddiAzdi eosneem.p iloa,
questidoenlel 'ordieglcilonase ec nizsai,na e ll'umcahneni etlbà a mbino
cis ip resecnotnda u ep ossirbiislpio nsetses,ud neal qluea li aspopda­re
disefnatcSee.m bra scihaemc oo straes tcteig ltireuarn em isrtieossaol to
nelc ontinudueml lnaa tuarlal cao mpardseal lcao nsapezvao,el ile z
relegarceo scliaea nllz iav edlelloln aa tuorrag anei csao stenceorne
cattciovsac iecnhze"a n,u ldliav eramennutoev oè" e mersCoo.m ec on
lea ntinokmainet ilaanp er,i maal ternèa' trtoipvpaov asteal 'as econda
'tropapnog tuasF'o.r scei ò qcuhien eceistèsa u nan uovRiav oluzione
copernicchaenn oano scivlelrisn oe ssudnealld eu ea lrtneatimvage i,u nga
3L udwiBgi nswangReirc, odridS ii [l.muFnrde uAds,t rolabio-UEbdaildtianrie ,
Roma,1 971p,.9 6.
Introduzi1o1n e
a fondalrale e tgtiimdietlpà r oblesmtae sIsnop .s icolqougeilaal net i­
nomipea,r oasdsdii,l emem vii cocliie cchhies oniol r etagdig iuon a
separazdieolncleoa s ciednazlsa u om ondeo rano gsitoàas tsie rdvaa ti
unc ontempordia Fnreeou d: ilF rfainlzo.st.oanBforoL.en a s uad ottri­
nad ellt'einnzioncaolmiect iàòc hed efinils'cees senzcao sdceilelnaz a
puòe sserrieg uarcdoamteua n primo veprasqsous oe sntuao vRai volu­
zioncoep erniIclpa rnian.c ipale ddiBi rsecnetpaEondlomo,u nHdu ss,e rl
amplieòd e stelsn'eti uizdieoslnu eo m aestsriona of arnielf ondamento
diu nn uovmoe toddoi f ilosLoaf cioas.c ieèn azlal oirnat ecsoam e
cosczia-ednilo purroi feri-mae.nN otnoe rap iùu nac osoa unp ro­
cesssota rnoe senzpar ecnetdliee c uio perazfioosnsie ros copnicùe r­
tandtiiq uelldee is uooig gtetpir ossdiemlicl,oe s dee ls uom ondoN.é
eruan os pettotradei staanltieee,n sou fficai seens ttee scshoe, msuio ­
vessceo meu nf antassmual la tecrorsac.i eeLnraza" a c icòh ee ssa
im enzniaovae"r,a u na ndarvee rsqou aolsca".Bi sogpnear suadersi",
scrivHeuvsas e"rclh,le o p sicihnig ceon enreaslle en dseol plsai cologia,
lep ersonpasliicthài lceph reo,p ripestiàc higclhEier ,l eb,ng ilsist saeti
sonuon irteàa el qiu,i nndeils,e nsion diceamtop,i rei cchhede u nque,
carnel er ealdtioà g ni maen igerraads oo,n soe mpluinciitd àic osti­
tuzioinnet enzio-navleer ascein zdau bbio nesle nlseoo rc,oh es i
possovneod ere, sperimentare, determibnaasree scientificamente sulla
dell'esp-ermiae' noszlat anitnot enzieonntaeol'sm,s sioal ta'nertloa ti­
vament.e4E' r"as oltaunntp oa ss- oun passo fcohresd eau, n p unto
di visrtiag orosahmuesnsteer lnioanen roga,i usticfoimcpait-eor dealla
noziodnice o sciecnozmaei ntenzionaalcl ointcàe tto heiddeelg­geriano
l'sesenzialummeaonnc toem ees sere-ne(l-Damsoe)niHd.eno i degpgaerrl a
nond ic osciemnadz iac oscieunmzaan; ap erd ip iùno ni soldaato ag ni
altrreaa lutmàan am,a c omee sseumraen oP.r oprcioom epe r Husserl
lac oscienzla' einenzrtiao dniee s scao,s lì' uoèm iol s uom ondoH.e i­
deggceerr cadvira i chialm'auroedm ao'l elsiclairot esfiuaondroie l suo
mondom,o stracnodmoel e 'sseurmea nnoe lc ontedsetlocl uar sat rut­
turli' esdseeslr ue om ondeo ils uos éc onsociuto. Husdseetrtlo aveva
che" imlo ndop osdsei esiulo e ssecroem eu nc ert'eosn soc'h e pre­
suppolnace o scieanszsao lquutaalc ea mpdoe lsliaig fnica.z".i5..oE n gel i
avevtaut ravaigag iun"tMoa:è dan otacrheeo rai ln ostsrcoo pnoo n
è dif orniurnea teoorrgiaan diicq au esctoas tziitounter ascendentale
delm ondoe quinddiia bbozzuanrane u ov'at eodreilacl oan oscenza'
riguaarldlsoef edrier eal.."t 6 àM . a. conH eideglgane uro vRai voluzione
4 EdmumHlu sserIld,e pee ru naf enomenopluorega pi earu naf ilosfoefnio­a
menoloag ciucraadi , E nricFoi lippEiinin,a udTio,r in1o9 65p,. 1 22.
5 lbpipd.1. 2,3 -4.
6 Locci.t .
12 Introduzione
copernièc canoam piuRtiap.o rtainlbd aog aghluisos erliianndoi etro
'entlreop 'a rentfeesnio menologicheh af!t eeindteadgtigfo eo rn dare
una nuovoan tolobgaisaas tual' edcrecthoe'lu 'omoè essenzialmente
esser-em-onnedlPor.o prcioom eK anatv evpao stloo'r igidneelv lear ità
necessadreinat lru'oo moc,o sHie idegpgoesrle a f ontdee ls ignificato
ing enerael qeu,i nddei'l elssearlelt,'e irnndoe ll'uomo.
L'anahleiisdie gagneadr eillas truttduerlal 'edseslleo'rmueo come
costivotd uetmlio ndeod is éin quanetsos enzialemsesnetree -nel-mondo,
fu assundtaBa i nswancgoemres trumenctoonc uico mprendlee'srie­
stendzeais uopiaz ienEtgil.vi i dceh el as ciaen,iz nq uantsof orzo
umanoc,o struiislsc ueo m ondov ia cvhieal oc onosVcied.ei noltre
cheq uanduon as cienza lacp osmiec ologiias udoimire itgodeis opra
las uas tesfsoan tlee',s istuemnaznaas ,ia bbattsounlosl uaat esttuat ti
ip aradodsesllisa e parazdiios noeg getotgog eet ctoos,c ieen czoas a,
uomoe mondoA.s serecnhdeco i asciunndi vidèu iols uop ropruinoi co
mondoe,g lrii chiceodmee,c ondizpiroenlei mipnearlr ae spiegazione
diq uemlo ndou,n a ccessseon zpar eceotntciine ssoR.i badencdhoe
ilm ondeo l ar ealutmàan ac heF reurdi vetleòn goinnol orpoo telroe
spiruimtaon oe, p·o ggiaensoss it esssuiq uelslpoi riBtion,s wanger
addiltava i vae rsuon i llumiannaottproo centrbiassmaiotn oF reusdu
diu nau milceo nsapevodleelz zlaie m dietlefl ian itezza.