Essentials of social psychology

455 Pages·2010·17.69 MB·english

by  Michael A Hogg

“A well written, well structured introductory textbook covering the most current literature in the fi eld. “ . . . no doubt the most creative, exciting, and inspired textbook
Throughout the chapters, complex phenomena are described and explained in a comprehensible way on the market. It reminded me of how exciting it is to learn.”
that applies directly to the students’ everyday lives.”
Dr Torun Lindholm, Stockholm University Dr Bjarne Holmes, Heriot-Watt University
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“By journey’s end the reader will have accumulated a comprehensive understanding of contemporary,
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international social psychology, and critically, will have enjoyed the trip as well.”
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Dr John Kremer, Queen’s University, Belfast
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Do computer games that portray violence make people more aggressive; s
or are they a harmless outlet for frustrations?
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Can we study love scientifi cally; or should we pack the statistics away
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and leave it to the poets?

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What makes people obey authority, even when they believe the consequences
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are likely to be destructive or harmful?
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Essentials of Social Psychology provides an insight into questions such as those above as it guides the reader through l

the foundations of social psychology. Key concepts and theories are explained with clarity, debates and controversies
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are brought to life and the wider practical relevance of the subject is emphasised throughout.
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A range of pedagogical features are included to help you consolidate your understanding and appreciate the
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relevance of social psychology in the real world:
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● Research classic boxes describe classic studies and draw out their implications and continuing relevance.
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● Research and applications boxes highlight more contemporary developments in social psychological research
and their practical applications. l
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● Real world boxes look at the everyday relevance of social psychology, providing extended examples
of theories and concepts in action. g
● Literature, fi lm and TV sections demonstrate how social psychological concepts are dealt with in y
popular media.
This is a clear, concise, academically rigorous, and above all accessible introduction to the main phenomena,
theories and fi ndings of social psychology. It is the ideal resource for those studying the subject for the fi rst
time, or as part of a more general programme of study.

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Essentials of Social Psychology comes with MyPsychLab, an interactive online study resource available from
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EWwww.mypsychlab.co.uk. Take a test to get a personalised study plan and explore video and audio activities, o
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animations and additional question material to consolidate and further your understanding. g

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M ichael Hogg is Professor of Social Psychology at Claremont Graduate University. V Essentials
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Graham Vaughan is Professor of Psychology at the University of Auckland.
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Social Psychology
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CVR_HOGG9328_01_SE_CVR_final.indd 1 26/10/09 16:25:11
A01_HOGG9328_01_SE_FM.QXD:Layout 1 20/10/09 10:55 Page i
“This is a well written, well structured introductory textbook covering the most
current literature in the field. Throughout the chapters, complex phenomena are
described and explained in a comprehensible way that applies directly to the students’
everyday lives. The authors manage to provide both in breadth and depth across this
wide and fascinating discipline.”
Dr Torun Lindholm, Stockholm University
“Hogg and Vaughan’s book is clear in its explanations and contemporary in its
examples. An excellent text in both its critique and analysis, I will be recommending
this as the ideal core text to parallel my teaching for undergraduate students in social
psychology.”
Paul Muff, University of Bradford
“Hogg and Vaughan have managed to yet again produce a great social psychology
book. The text should prove useful for students who wish to learn about the
key aspects of social psychology. It is an engaging read that clearly and concisely
introduces the reader to the world of social psychology!”
Dr Cathrine Jansson-Boyd, Anglia Ruskin University
“Hogg and Vaughan successfully capture the essence of what is all around, all the
time and what concerns us all: social psychology. Each topic is captivating and the
format is easy-to-grasp yet instructive. I strongly recommend this volume.”
Professor Pär Anders Granhag, Göteborg University
“Essentials of Social Psycholologyis no doubt the most creative, exciting, and inspired
textbook on the market. It reminded me of how exciting it is to learn.”
Dr Bjarne Holmes, Heriot-Watt University
“For any introductory psychology text to succeed it must strike the right balance
between academic rigour and accessibility for the naïve reader. The authors of
Essentials of Social Psychology have drawn of their wealth of writing experience to
walk this tightrope with considerable aplomb, producing a book that leads you by the
hand through the contemporary landscape of social psychology in a way that never
feels overly challenging o r daunting. Pitched with the introductory market always
in mind, by journey’s end the reader will have accumulated a comprehensive under-
standing of contemporary, international social psychology, and critically, will have
enjoyed the trip as well.”
Dr John Kremer, Queen’s University Belfast
“This is a very comprehensive volume and, compared to many competitors, has
increased relevance to contemporary issues, including more than enough material
to generate hours of critical discussion about the role of (social) psychology in the
contemporary world. It’s not only a good text book for students but a useful reference
work for postgraduates and academic staff.”
Dr Ron Roberts, Kingston University
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A01_HOGG9328_01_SE_FM.QXD:Layout 1 20/10/09 10:55 Page iii
Essentials
of
Social Psychology
Michael A. Hogg
Claremont Graduate University
Graham M. Vaughan
University of Auckland
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Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsoned.co.uk
First published 2010
© Pearson Education Limited 2010
The rights of Michael Hogg and Graham Vaughan to be identified as authors of this Work have been
asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either
the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United
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All trademarks used therein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this
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the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners.
ISBN 978-0-13-206932-8
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hogg, Michael A., 1954–
Essentials of social psychology / Michael A. Hogg, Graham M. Vaughan.
-- 1st ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-13-206932-8 (pbk.)
1. Social psychology. I. Vaughan, Graham M. II. Title.
HM1033.H644 2010
302--dc22
2009036150
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
13 12 11 10 09
Typeset in 10/12.5 Sabon by 30
Printed and bound by Rotolito Lombarda, Italy
The publisher's policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.
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Brief contents
Contents vii
List of figures and tables xv
Guided tour xviii
Preface xxv
About the authors xxix
Publisher’s acknowledgements xxx
Chapter 1 What is social psychology? 1
Chapter 2 Social thinking 24
Chapter 3 Self, identity and society 62
Chapter 4 Attitudes and persuasion 92
Chapter 5 Conformity and social change 122
Chapter 6 People in groups 152
Chapter 7 Prejudice and intergroup relations 192
Chapter 8 Hurting other people 228
Chapter 9 Helping other people 260
Chapter 10 Attraction and close relationships 286

Chapter 11 Culture and communication 320
Glossary 351
References 361
Author index 405
Subject index 413
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A01_HOGG9328_01_SE_FM.QXD:Layout 1 20/10/09 10:55 Page vii
Contents
List of figures and tables xv
Guided tour xviii
Preface xxv
About the authors xxix
Publisher’s acknowledgements xxx
Chapter 1 What is social psychology? 1
What is social psychology? 2
Levels of explanation 3
Doing social psychology 5
Science 6
Testing hypotheses 6
Experiments 8
Other research methods 10
Doing research ethically 12
A short history of social psychology 14
The early days 14
Social psychology as science 15
Europe 18
Back to the future 19
Summary 20
Literature, film and TV 21
Guided questions 21
Learn more 22
Chapter 2 Social thinking 24
Forming impressions of people 26
Which impressions are important? 28
Schemas and categories 32
Categories and prototypes 32
Categories and stereotypes 34
How we use and acquire schemas 35
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viii CONTENTS
Perceiving and remembering people 37
Social encoding 37
Memory for people 38
Social inference 41
The illusory correlation 41
Short cuts in making inferences 42
Seeking the causes of behaviour 43
How do we attribute causality, why is it important? 43
Causal attribution in action 46
Biases in attributing motives 48
From acts to dispositions: correspondence bias 48
The actor–observer effect 50
False consensus 50
Self-serving biases 50
Explaining our social world 52
Intergroup attribution 52
Social representations 55
Rumour 55
Conspiracy theories 55
Summary 57
Literature, film and TV 58
Guided questions 59
Learn more 60
Chapter 3 Self, identity and society 62
The self in history 64
The psychodynamic self 65
The self: ‘I’ or ‘We’? 65
The self and social interaction 66
Self-awareness 68
Self-knowledge 69
Self-schemas 70
Learning about the self 70
Social comparison and self-knowledge 72
Self-regulation 73
Many selves, multiple identities 75
Distinguishing selves and identities 76
The search for self-coherence 77
Self-motives 77
Self-assessment and self-verification 78
Self-enhancement 78
Self-esteem 81
Individual differences 83
In pursuit of self-esteem 84
Self-presentation 86
Strategic self-presentation 86
Expressive self-presentation 88
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CONTENTS ix
Summary 88
Literature, film and TV 89
Guided questions 90
Learn more 90
Chapter 4 Attitudes and persuasion 92
What are attitudes? 94
Attitudes have a structure 94
Attitudes have a purpose 95
Where do attitudes come from? 95
Experience 95
Sources of learning 96
Self-perception theory 97
How attitudes are revealed 97
Clues from our body 97
Action clues 97
Implicit attitudes 98
Can attitudes predict actions? 99
When attitudes are accessible 100
When attitudes are strong 101
Attitudes and being rational 103
Attitudes can change: experiencing dissonance 105
Effort justification 106
Induced compliance 107
Free choice 110
The science of persuasion 110
Communicating persuasively 111
Dual-process routes to persuasion 114
Elaboration–likelihood model 114
Heuristic–systematic model 115
Resisting pe rsuasion 116
Reactance 116
Forewarning 117
The inoculation effect 117
Summary 119
Literature, film and TV 120
Guided questions 121
Learn more 121