Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students

722 Pages·2013·8.69 MB·English

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K Sembulingam PhD
Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute
Thiruporur-Guduvancherry Main Road, Nellikuppam, Tamil Nadu, India
Formerly at
MR Medical College, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia and
Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
Prema Sembulingam PhD
Sathyabama University Dental College and Hospital
Jeppiaar Nagar, Old Mahabalipuram Road, Chennai
Tamil Nadu, India
Formerly at
MR Medical College, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia and
Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Nellikuppam, Tamil Nadu, India
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Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students
© 2011, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
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permission of the authors and the publisher.
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First Edition: 2011
ISBN 978-93-5025-076-1
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed at
To
Our beloved students

Preface
We, the authors of Essentials of Medical Physiology are proud to bring out another textbook in
Physiology, titled Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students. This is the outcome of requests,
wishes and friendly orders from different category of people including the dental and paramedical
students and faculties.
Physiology is different from other biomedical sciences as it deals with the functional aspects of
various systems in the living body along with the emphasis on the regulatory mechanism that maintain
the normalcy of the functions within narrow limits. It forms the strong foundation on which other
medical fields are constructed.
The primary aim of this book is to meet the needs of the dental, paramedical and health science
students precisely from the examination point of view, in getting knowledge of recent developments
in the field of physiology and in knowing the important applied aspects of various topics.
The descriptive diagrams are given in such a way that the students can easily understand and
reproduce them wherever necessary. The explanation of the topics is supported with the flow charts
and tables which make the reading a pleasure and stress-free.
In the starting of each chapter, we have included the topics that are to be learnt in that particular
chapter which will help the reader to remember the contents while revising the topic. At the end of
each section, the long questions and short questions are given for the follow-up of the topics.
This venture is possible only because of blessings of professors, best wishes and cooperation
of our friends and co-teachers and the students who know what they want and where to get them.
We are grateful and thankful to one and all for being the well wishers of us.
We wish to continue our services to the students’ community through this book. We are confident
that the opinions, comments and valuable suggestions from one and all coming across this book
will help us to improve it further to meet the needs of everyone who has Physiology as subject in
their career.
K Sembulingam
[email protected]
Prema Sembulingam
[email protected]

Contents
Section 1: General Physiology
1. Cell ...........................................................................................................................3
• Introduction ............................................................................................................3
• Structure of the Cell ..............................................................................................4
• Cell Membrane ......................................................................................................4
• Cytoplasm ..............................................................................................................6
• Organelles in Cytoplasm ......................................................................................6
• Organelles with Limiting Membrane....................................................................6
• Organelles without Limiting Membrane.............................................................10
• Nucleus ................................................................................................................ 11
• Cell Death............................................................................................................12
2. Cell Junctions ........................................................................................................14
• Definition and Classification................................................................................14
• Occluding Junction..............................................................................................14
• Communicating Junctions...................................................................................15
• Anchoring Junctions............................................................................................15
3. Transport through Cell Membrane......................................................................17
• Introduction ..........................................................................................................17
• Basic Mechanism of Transport ...........................................................................17
• Passive Transport................................................................................................17
• Active Transport...................................................................................................20
4. Homeostasis...........................................................................................................25
• Introduction...........................................................................................................25
• Components of Homeostatic System ..................................................................25
• Homeostasis and Various Systems of the Body..................................................26
Section 2: Blood and Body Fluids
5. Body Fluids ............................................................................................................33
• Introduction...........................................................................................................33
• Compartments of Body Fluids — Distribution of Body Fluids .............................33
• Composition of Body Fluids.................................................................................34
• Measurement of Body Fluid Volume....................................................................34
• Maintenance of Water Balance............................................................................36
• Applied Physiology...............................................................................................36