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Essentials of physical anthropology: discovering our origins PDF

481 Pages·2016·102.205 MB·English
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ESSENTIALS OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY T H I R D   E D I T I O N E SSE NTIAL S OF PHYSICAL ANTH ROPOLOGY D I S C O V E R I N G O U R O R I G I N S CLARK SPENCER LARSEN T HE OH IO S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y Bn W. W. NORTON & COMPANY NEW YORK • LONDON W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education divi- sion of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By m idc entury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program— trade books and college texts— were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and t oday— with a staff of four hundred and a compara- ble number of trade, college, and professional titles published each y ear— W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees. Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Editor: Eric Svendsen Editorial Assistant: Rachel Goodman Development Editor: Sunny Hwang Manuscript Editor: Andrew Pachuta Project Editor: Diane Cipollone Marketing Manager, Anthropology: Jake Schindel Media Editor: Tacy Quinn Assistant Editor, Emedia: Marina Rozova Associate Director of Production: Benjamin Reynolds Photo Editor: Stephanie Romeo Permissions Manager: Megan Jackson Permissions Specialist: Bethany Salminen Text Designer: Jillian Burr Art Director: Rubina Yeh Composition: Jouve Illustrations by Imagineering Manufacturing: R. R. Donnelley & Sons—Kendallville IN Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Larsen, Clark Spencer. Essentials of physical anthropology : discovering our origins / Clark Spencer Larsen, The Ohio State University.—Third edition. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-0-393-93866-1 (pbk.) 1. Physical anthropology. I. Title. GN50.4.L367 2015 599.9—dc23 2015023645 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110-0017 www.wwnorton.com W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 TO CHRIS AND SPENCER, WITH MY DEEPEST THANKS FOR THEIR HELP, ENCOURAGEMENT, AND (UNWAVERING) PATIENCE v ABOUT TH E AUTHOR CLARK SPENCER LARSEN heads the Department of Anthropology at The Ohio State University, Columbus. A native of Nebraska, he received his B.A. from Kansas State University and M.A. and Ph.D. from the Uni- versity of Michigan. Clark’s research is in bioarchaeology, skeletal biol- ogy, and paleoanthropology. He has worked in North America, Europe, and Asia. He has taught at the University of Massachusetts, Northern Illi- nois University, Purdue University, and the University of North Carolina. Since 2001, he has been a member of the faculty at Ohio State, where he is Distinguished Professor of Social and Behavioral Sciences. He teaches introductory physical anthropology, osteology, bioarchaeology, and paleoanthropology. Clark has served as president of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists and as editor- in- chief of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology. In addition to Our Origins, he has authored or edited 30 books and monographs, including Bioar- chaeology: Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton, Skeletons in Our Closet, Advances in Dental Anthropology, and A Companion to Biological Anthropology. vi BAS I C TAB LE OF C ONTENTS To the Instructor xx To the Student xxviii CHAPTER 1 What Is Physical Anthropology? 2 PART I The Present: Foundation for the Past 19 CHAPTER 2 Evolution: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory 20 CHAPTER 3 Genetics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation 42 CHAPTER 4 Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics 70 CHAPTER 5 Biology in the Present: Living People 100 CHAPTER 6 Biology in the Present: The Other Living Primates 132 CHAPTER 7 Primate Sociality, Social Behavior, and Culture 164 PART II The Past: Evidence for the Present 183 CHAPTER 8 Fossils and Their Place in Time and Nature 184 CHAPTER 9 Primate Origins and Evolution: The First 50 Million Years 216 CHAPTER 10 E arly Hominin Origins and Evolution: The Roots of Humanity 244 CHAPTER 11 The Origins and Evolution of Early Homo 282 CHAPTER 12 The Origins, Evolution, and Dispersal of Modern People 306 CHAPTER 13 Our Last 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology 350 vii viii TAB LE OF C ONTENT S Two-Page Spreads xix To the Instructor xx Tools for Teaching and Learning xxiii Who Helped xxv To the Student xxviii CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY? 2 Big Questions 3 What Is Anthropology? 5 What Is Physical Anthropology? 7 What Do Physical Anthropologists Do? 7 What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals?: The Six Steps to Humanness 8 How We Know What We Know: The Scientific Method 14 Answering the Big Questions 16 Key Terms 17 Evolution Review 17 Additional Readings 17 ix

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