Essentials of Oceanography (3 Edition)

577 Pages·2011·100.322 MB·English

by  Alan P. Trujillo, Harold V. Thurman

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E s s e n t i a l s o f
Oceanography
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E s s e n t i a l s o f
Oceanography
TENTH EDITION
Alan P. Trujillo
DISTINGUISHED TEACHING PROFESSOR
PALOMAR COLLEGE
Harold V. Thurman
PROFESSOR EMERITUS
MT. SAN ANTONIO COLLEGE
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Trujillo,Alan P.
Essentials of oceanography / Al Trujillo,Harold Thurman. 10th ed.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13:978-0-321-66812-7 (alk.paper)
ISBN-10:0-321-66812-X (alk.paper)
1. Oceanography. I.Thurman,Harold V.II.Title.
GC11.2.T49 2011
551.46 dc22
2009047666
Printed in the United States
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ISBN-10:0-321-66812-X / ISBN-13:978-0-321-66812-7 (Student Edition)
ISBN-10:0-321-70224-7 / ISBN-13:978-0-321-70224-1 (Books á la Carte)
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To my loyal and faithful companion
Hawthorn
Al Trujillo
For Deb and Bill
Hal Thurman
About Our Sustainability Initiatives
This book is carefully crafted to minimize environmental impact. The materials used to manufac-
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sumption, and the use of harmful chemicals.
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
ALAN P. TRUJILLO Al Trujillo is a professor in the Earth,Space,and Aviation
Sciences Department at Palomar College in San Marcos,California.He received
his bachelors degree in geology from the University of California atDavis and
his masters degree in geology from Northern Arizona University, afterwards
working for several years in industry as a developmental geologist,hydrogeolo-
gist, and computer specialist.Al began teaching at Palomar in 1990. In 1997,
he was awarded Palomars Distinguished Faculty Award for Excellence in
Teaching and in 2005 he received Palomars Faculty Research Award.He has
co-authored Introductory Oceanographywith Hal Thurman and is a contributing
author for the textbooks Earth and Earth Science. In addition to writing and
teaching,Al works as a naturalist and lecturer aboard natural history expedition
vessels in Alaska and the Sea of Cortez/Baja California.His research interests
include beach processes,sea cliff erosion,and computer applications in oceanog-
raphy.As a hobby,he collects sand and is a member of the International Sand Collectors Society;he also serves as the
organizations Oceanography Division Advisor.Al and his wife,Sandy,have two children,Karl and Eva.
HAROLD V. THURMAN Hal Thurman retired in May 1994,after 24 years of teaching
in the Earth Sciences Department at Mt.San Antonio College in Walnut,California.In-
terest in geology led to a bachelors degree from Oklahoma A&M University,followed
by seven years working as a petroleum geologist,mainly in the Gulf of Mexico,where his
interest in the oceans developed. He earned a masters degree from California State
University at Los Angeles and then joined the Earth Sciences faculty at Mt.San Antonio
College.Other books that Hal has co-authored include Introductory Oceanographywith
Alan Trujillo as well as a marine biology textbook.He has also written articles on the Pa-
cific,Atlantic,Indian,and Arctic Oceans for the 1994 edition of World Book Encyclope-
dia and served as a consultant on the National Geographic publication Realms of the
Sea.He still enjoys going to sea on vacations with his wife,Iantha.
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BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface xvii
Introduction xxi
1
Introduction to Planet Earth 2
2
Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor 34
3
Marine Provinces 74
4
Marine Sediments 96
5
Water and Seawater 128
6
Air Sea Interaction 160
7
Ocean Circulation 192
8
Waves and Water Dynamics 230
9
Tides 260
10
The Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes 284
11
The Coastal Ocean 312
12
Marine Life and the Marine Environment 344
13
Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer 370
14
Animals of the Pelagic Environment 404
15
Animals of the Benthic Environment 436
16
The Oceans and Climate Change 468
Afterword 496
Appendix I Metric and English Units Compared 500
Appendix II Geographic Locations 504
Appendix III Latitude and Longitude on Earth 506
Appendix IV A Chemical Background: Why Water
Has 2 Hs and 1 O 509
Appendix V Careers in Oceanography 513
Glossary 517
Credits and Acknowledgments 536
Index 542
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CONTENTS
Preface xvii Chapter in Review 32
Key Terms 32
To the Student xvii Review Questions 33
To the Instructor xvii Critical Thinking Exercises 33
Whats New in This Edition? xviii Oceanography on the Web 33
The New Instructional Package xix
Acknowledgments xix
INTRODUCTION xxi
I.1 What Is Oceanography? xxi
I.2 How Are Earths Oceans Unique? xxiii
I.3 What Is Rational Use of Technology? xxiv
1
INTRODUCTION TO PLANET EARTH 2
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE 3
1.1 How Many Oceans Exist on Earth? 3
The Four Principal Oceans,Plus One 3 Oceans versus
Seas:What Are the Seven Seas? 4
1.2 How was Early Exploration of the Oceans
Achieved? 6
Early History 6
BOX 1.1 HISTORICAL FEATURE Voyages to Inner Space: Visiting
the Deep-Ocean Floor in Submersibles 7
BOX 1.2 HISTORICAL FEATURE How Do Sailors Know Where
They Are at Sea?: From Stick Charts to Satellites 8
The Middle Ages 11 The Age of Discovery in
2
PLATE TECTONICS AND THE OCEAN
Europe 12 The Beginning of Voyaging for Science 13
History of Oceanography. . . To Be Continued 14 FLOOR 34
1.3 What Is the Nature of Scientific Inquiry? 14 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE 35
Observations 15 Hypothesis 15 Testing 15 2.1 What Evidence Supports Continental Drift? 35
Theory 16 Theories and the Truth 16 Fit of the Continents 36 Matching Sequences
1.4 How Were Earth and the Solar System Created? 16 of Rocks and Mountain Chains 36 Glacial Ages
The Nebular Hypothesis 17 Protoearth 17 and Other Climate Evidence 37 Distribution of
Density and Density Stratification 19 Earths Internal Organisms 37 Objections to the Continental Drift
Structure 20 Model 39
1.5 How Were Earths Atmosphere and Oceans 2.2 What Evidence Supports Plate Tectonics? 39
Created? 23 Earths Magnetic Field and Paleomagnetism 40
Origin of Earths Atmosphere 23 Origin of Earths BOX 2.1 RESEARCH METHODS IN OCEANOGRAPHY Do Sea
Oceans 23 Turtles (and other Animals) use Earths Magnetic Field for
1.6 Did Life Begin in the Oceans? 24 Navigation? 43
The Importance of Oxygen to Life 24 Stanley Millers Sea Floor Spreading and Features of the Ocean
Experiment 25 Basins 44 Other Evidence from the Ocean
BOX 1.3 HISTORICAL FEATURE The Voyage of HMS Beagle: Basins 46 The Acceptance of a Theory 48
How It Shaped Charles Darwins Thinking about the Theory of 2.3 What Features Occur at Plate Boundaries? 50
Evolution 26 Divergent Boundary Features 51 Convergent Boundary
Evolution and Natural Selection 26 Plants and Features 55
Animals Evolve 27 BOX 2.2 RESEARCH METHODS IN OCEANOGRAPHY
1.7 How Old Is Earth? 30 The NEPTUNE Project: An Interactive Sea Floor Observatory 58
Radiometric Age Dating 30 The Geologic Time Scale 31 Transform Boundary Features 60
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