Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice (Essentials of Nursing Research (Polit)) PDF
Preview Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice (Essentials of Nursing Research (Polit))
LWBK131-3938G-FM.[i-xiv]qxd 11/1/08 12:41 PM Page i Aptara (PPG-Quark) seventh edition Essentials of Nursing Research Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice DENISE F. POLIT, PhD President,Humanalysis,Inc.,Saratoga Springs,New York andAdjunct Professor,Griffith University School of Nursing, Gold Coast,Australia (www.denisepolit.com) CHERYL TATANO BECK, DNSc, CNM, FAAN Distinguished Professor,School of Nursing, University of Connecticut Storrs,Connecticut LWBK131-3938G-FM.[i-xiv]qxd 11/1/08 12:41 PM Page ii Aptara (PPG-Quark) Acquisitions Editor:Hilarie Surrena Managing Editor:Helen Kogut Director of Nursing Production:Helen Ewan Senior Managing Editor / Production:Erika Kors Production Editor:Mary Kinsella Art Director, Design:Joan Wendt Art Director, Illustration:Brett McNaughton Manufacturing Coordinator:Karin Duffield Production Services / Compositor:Aptara Seventh Edition Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 2006, 2001 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 1997 by Lippincott–Raven Pub- lishers. Copyright © 1993, 1989, 1985 by J. B. Lippincott Company. All rights reserved. This book is pro- tected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia PA 19106, via email at [email protected] or via website at lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Polit, Denise F. Essentials of nursing research : appraising evidence for nursing practice / Denise F. Polit, Cheryl Tatano Beck. — 7th ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7817-8153-4 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7817-8153-1 (alk. paper) 1. Nursing—Research. I. Beck, Cheryl Tatano. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Nursing Research. WY 20.5 P769eg 2008] RT81.5.P63 2008 610.73072—dc22 2008047112 Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe gen- erally accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no war- ranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsi- bility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations. The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug. Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administra- tion (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in his or her clinical practice. LWW.COM LWBK131-3938G-FM.[i-xiv]qxd 11/1/08 12:41 PM Page iii Aptara (PPG-Quark) To Our Students From Around the World Whose interests, passions, and curiosity have fueled our dedication to good teaching and to high-quality research LWBK131-3938G-FM.[i-xiv]qxd 11/1/08 12:41 PM Page iv Aptara (PPG-Quark) R E V I E W E R S Kathleen Barta,EdD,RN Marilyn Handley,RN,PhD Associate Professor Associate Professor University of Arkansas University of Alabama Fayetteville,Arkansas Tuscaloosa,Alabama Mary Bennett,RN,MS,DNSc,FNP Grace E.Hardie,RN,PhD Assistant Dean; Associate Professor Assistant Professor; Assistant Clinical Professor; Indiana State University Collaborative Researcher Terre Haute,Indiana San Francisco State University; University of San Francisco Carolyn Blue,RN,PhD,CHES San Francisco,California Professor University of North Carolina Susan Hendricks,PhD Greensboro,North Carolina Indiana University Kokomo,Indiana Diane Breckenridge,PhD,RN Associate Professor Elizabeth Hill La Salle University Duke University Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Durham,North Carolina Becky Christian,PhD,RN Ann Hilton,RN,PhD Associate Professor; Division Chair Professor and Coordinator of MSN Program University of Utah University of British Columbia Salt Lake City,Utah Vancouver,British Columbia Linda Cook,RN,BC Barbara J.Hoerst,RN,PhD Associate Professor Assistant Professor Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania La Salle University Bloomsburg,Pennsylvania Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Bernadette Curry,PhD Karyn Holm,PhD,RN,FAAN Molloy College Professor Rockville Centre,New York DePaul University Chicago,Illinois Barbara Davis,PhD,RN Professor Debra Horoho,MSN University of Southern Indiana Indiana University Evansville,Indiana Kokomo,Indiana Velma Edmonds,DNS,MSN,BSN,RN Ann Jacobson,PhD,RN Assistant Professor Associate Professor University of Texas Kent State University El Paso,Texas Kent,Ohio Peggy Leapley,PhD,RN,FNP,CNS,APRN,BC Kay Foland,PhD,APRN,BC,CNP Professor and Chair of Nursing Associate Professor California State University South Dakota State University Bakersfield,California Rapid City,South Dakota Gayle Lee,PhD,FNP-C,CCRN Sharon George,PhD Nursing Faculty University of Alabama Brigham Young University,Idaho Huntsville,Alabama Rexburg,Idaho iv LWBK131-3938G-FM.[i-xiv]qxd 11/3/08 10:01 PM Page v Aptara Inc. Margaret Louis,PhD Pammla Petrucka,RN,BSc,BScN,MN,PhD University of Nevada Associate Professor Las Vegas,Nevada University of Saskatchewan Regina,Saskatchewan Nelda Martinez,PhD,RN Associate Professor; Senior Fellow Janice Polizzi,MSN,RN University of Texas,El Paso; Hispanic Health Disparities Associate Professor Research Center Florida Hospital College El Paso,Texas Orlando,Florida Carrie McCoy,PhD,MSPH,RN,CEN Patsy Riley Professor; Director of ABSN Program Troy University Northern Kentucky University Troy,Alabama Highland Heights,Kentucky Denise Robinson,PhD,RN,FNP Marylou K.McHugh,RN,EdD Interim Chair and Regents Professor Adjunct Faculty Northern Kentucky University Drexel University; Temple University Highland Heights,Kentucky Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Nancy Schlapman Nancy Menzel,PhD,APRN-BC,COHN-S,CNE Indiana University Associate Professor Kokomo,Indiana University of Nevada,Las Vegas Joanne Serembus,EdD,RN,CCRN,CNE Las Vegas,Nevada Clinical Associate Professor Ruby Morrison Drexel University University of Alabama Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Tuscaloosa,Alabama Sandra L.Siedlecki,RN,CNS,PhD Donna Musser,PhD,RN Senior Nurse Researcher Assistant Professor Cleveland Clinic Foundation University of Central Arkansas Cleveland,Ohio Conway,Arkansas Matthew Sorenson,PhD,RN Sarah Newton,PhD,RN Assistant Professor Associate Professor DePaul University Oakland University Chicago,Illinois Rochester,Michigan Valmi Sousa,PhD Priscilla C.O’Connor,PhD,APRN,BC University of North Carolina Lecturer Charlotte,North Carolina Temple University Amy Spurlock,PhD,RN Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Associate Professor Nicole Ouellet,PhD,RN Troy State University Professor Troy,Alabama Université du Québec à Rimouski Thomas Stenvig,RN,PhD,MPH,CNAA Rimouski,Quebec Associate Professor Elizabeth Petit De Mange,RN,PhD South Dakota State University Assistant Professor Brookings,South Dakota Drexel University Philadelphia,Pennsylvania v LWBK131-3938G-FM.[i-xiv]qxd 11/1/08 12:41 PM Page vi Aptara (PPG-Quark) Marliyn Stoner,RN,PhD Latricia Weed,PhD Associate Professor Troy State University California State University Troy,Alabama San Bernardino,California Katherine Willock,PhD,APRN,BC Helene Sylvain,PhD Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Programs Université du Québec à Rimouski Indiana University-Purdue University Rimouski,Quebec Fort Wayne,Indiana Jane Tarnow Evelyn Wills,BSN,MSN,PhD DePaul University Professor Chicago,Illinois University of Louisiana Lafayette,Louisiana Becky Thiel Shawnee State University Mary Woo,DNSc,RN Portsmouth,Ohio Professor University of California Molly Walker,PhD,RN,CNS Los Angeles,California Associate Professor Angelo State University Geri L.Wood,PhD,RN,FAAN San Angelo,Texas Associate Professor University of Texas Health Science Center Karen Ward,PhD Houston,Texas Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro,Tennessee Patti Rager Zuzelo,EdD,APRN,BC,CNS Associate Professor & CNS Track Coordinator; Gail Washington,DNS,RN Associate Director of Nursing for Research Assistant Professor La Salle University; Albert Einstein Healthcare Network California State University Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Los Angeles,California Joan Wasserman,PhD,MBA,RN Assistant Professor University of Texas,Houston Houston,Texas vi LWBK131-3938G-FM.[i-xiv]qxd 11/1/08 12:41 PM Page vii Aptara (PPG-Quark) P R E F A C E This book marks the seventh time we have worked on this textbook, which is designed to teach students how to read research reports and critique the methods used in nursing studies. It is perhaps difficult to imagine that writing a seventhedi- tion of a textbook on research methods could be fun—but that is exactly the right word to describe our experience in working on this new edition. We have made many changes to the content and organization of this textbook, and the revisions kept our enthusiasm and energy for this project at a very high level. We are confi- dent that we have introduced numerous improvements—but at the same time, we have retained many features that have made this book a classic throughout the world. We think that this edition will make it easier and more satisfying for nurses to pursue a professional pathway that incorporates thoughtful appraisals of evi- dence. NEW TO THIS EDITION Up-front, Consistent Emphasis on Evidence-Based Practice To an even greater extent than in the past, we emphasize in this edition that research is a crucial enterprise for building an evidence base for nursing practice. We have given the topic of evidence-based practice (EBP) greater prominence by making the chapter on EBP the second chapter of the book (previously the last chapter), and by expanding its content. We emphasize throughout that high-quality evidence is a product of researchers’ decisions in designing and executing a study. Every chapter offers guidance on how to appraise research evidence for its utility in informing nurses’ clinical deci- sions. We have also added a new chapter on how to read, interpret, and critique sys- tematic reviews, which are considered by many to be a cornerstone of EBP. The Study Guide that supplements this textbook includes a full report of an EBP project. The increased focus on EBP prompted us to modify the book’s title to emphasize the impor- tant link between research and evidence. New Material Relating to Medical Research Methodology Nurse researchers have tended to use methods and jargon that originated in the social sciences, but the push for EBP in medicine has led to methodologic innova- tions that are relevant to all healthcare research. Moreover, nurses can profit from familiarity with medical research terms and approaches so they can comfortably read articles in a broad range of health care journals. This edition offers a more bal- anced presentation of medical and social science methods and nomenclature. Improved Content on Qualitative Methods In every new edition we have expanded content on qualitative research methods, and this edition is no exception. We are especially pleased to include a new chapter vii LWBK131-3938G-FM.[i-xiv]qxd 11/1/08 12:41 PM Page viii Aptara (PPG-Quark) viii PREFACE on the issue of quality and trustworthiness in qualitative inquiry, Chapter 18. We believe that the content and breadth of this important chapter is unparalleled in other general text- books on research methods for nurses. Greater Assistance With Interpretation Many books on research methods describe the techniques used to generate evidence, but they typically offer little or no guidance on interpreting research results. We have made efforts to address this deficiency by offering an interpretive framework for both quantita- tive (Chapter 16) and qualitative (Chapter 18) research. Additional Support for Research Appraisals—The Toolkit Each chapter of the book includes questions to aid students in reading and appraising research journal articles. In this edition, these critiquing guidelines are also available on the accompanying Student CD-ROM and . With electronic files of these resources, students can download the guidelines, adapt them as needed, and then enter their answers to the questions directly, without having to photocopy pages from the book. Many faculty have told us that the general critiquing guidelines (which we have put in an earlier chapter than in previous editions) are useful as handouts, and now they are more readily accessible. ORGANIZATION OF THE TEXT The content of this edition is organized into five main parts. * Part I—Overview of Nursing Research and Its Role in Evidence-Based Practice introduces fundamental concepts in nursing research. Chapter 1 summarizes the histo- ry and future of nursing research, discusses the philosophical underpinnings of quali- tative research versus quantitative research, and describes major purposes of nursing research. Chapter 2 offers guidance on using research to build an EBP. Chapter 3 intro- duces readers to key research terms, and presents an overview of steps in the research process for both qualitative and quantitative studies. Chapter 4 focuses on research reports, explaining what they are and how to read them. Chapter 5 discusses ethics in nursing studies. * Part II—Preliminary Steps in the Appraisal of Evidence further sets the stage for learning about the research process by considering aspects of a study’s conceptualiza- tion. Chapter 6 focuses on the development of research questions and the formulation of research hypotheses. Chapter 7 discusses how to prepare and critique literature reviews. Chapter 8 presents information about theoretical and conceptual frameworks. * Part III—Designs for Nursing Research presents material on the design of qualitative and quantitative nursing studies. Chapter 9 describes some fundamental design princi- ples and discusses many specific aspects of quantitative research design. Chapter 10
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