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Essentials of Inorganic Chemistry Essentials of Inorganic Chemistry For Students of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry KATJAA.STROHFELDT SchoolofPharmacy,UniversityofReading,UK Thiseditionfirstpublished2015 ©2015JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd Registeredoffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UnitedKingdom Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyforpermissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialin thisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic, mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermission ofthepublisher. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Strohfeldt,A.Katja. Essentialsofinorganicchemistry:forstudentsofpharmacy,pharmaceuticalsciencesandmedicinal chemistry/DrKatjaA.Strohfeldt pagescm Includesindex. ISBN978-0-470-66558-9(pbk.) 1.Chemistry,Inorganic–Textbooks.I.Title. QD151.3.S772015 546–dc23 2014023113 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN:9780470665589 Coverimage:Testtubesandmedicine.PhotobyUgurhan. Typesetin10/12ptTimesLTStdbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India 1 2015 To my dear Mum, who suddenly passed away before this book was finished, and my lovely husband Dave, who is the rock in my life and without whose support this book would have never been finished. Contents Preface xiii AbouttheCompanionWebsite xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Medicinalinorganicchemistry 1 1.1.1 Whyusemetal-baseddrugs? 2 1.2 Basicinorganicprinciples 3 1.2.1 Electronicstructuresofatoms 3 1.2.2 Bonds 9 1.3 Exercises 17 References 18 FurtherReading 18 2 AlkaliMetals 19 2.1 Alkalimetalions 19 2.1.1 Extractionofalkalimetals:anintroductiontoredoxchemistry 20 2.1.2 Excursus:reduction–oxidationreactions 21 2.1.3 Chemicalbehaviourofalkalimetals 27 2.2 Advantagesanddisadvantagesusinglithium-baseddrugs 29 2.2.1 Isotopesoflithiumandtheirmedicinalapplication 29 2.2.2 Historicaldevelopmentsinlithium-baseddrugs 29 2.2.3 Thebiologyoflithiumanditsmedicinalapplication 30 2.2.4 Excursus:diagonalrelationshipandperiodicity 31 2.2.5 Whatarethepharmacologicaltargetsoflithium? 33 2.2.6 Adverseeffectsandtoxicity 34 2.3 Sodium:anessentialioninthehumanbody 34 2.3.1 Osmosis 35 2.3.2 Activetransportofsodiumions 37 2.3.3 Drugs,dietandtoxicity 38 2.4 Potassiumanditsclinicalapplication 40 2.4.1 Biologicalimportanceofpotassiumionsinthehumanbody–actionpotential 40 2.4.2 Excursus:theNernstequation 40 2.4.3 Potassiumsaltsandtheirclinicalapplication:hypokalaemia 42 2.4.4 Adverseeffectsandtoxicity:hyperkalaemia 43 2.5 Exercises 45 2.6 Casestudies 47 2.6.1 Lithiumcarbonate(Li CO )tablets 47 2 3 viii Contents 2.6.2 Sodiumchlorideeyedrops 47 References 48 FurtherReading 48 3 AlkalineEarthMetals 49 3.1 Earthalkalinemetalions 49 3.1.1 Majorusesandextraction 50 3.1.2 Chemicalproperties 51 3.2 Berylliumandchronicberylliumdisease 52 3.3 Magnesium:competitiontolithium? 53 3.3.1 Biologicalimportance 53 3.3.2 Clinicalapplicationsandpreparations 54 3.4 Calcium:thekeytomanyhumanfunctions 55 3.4.1 Biologicalimportance 56 3.4.2 Howdoesdietarycalciumintakeinfluenceourlives? 57 3.4.3 Calciumdeficiency:osteoporosis,hypertensionandweightmanagement 57 3.4.4 Renalosteodystrophy 58 3.4.5 Kidneystones 59 3.4.6 Clinicalapplication 59 3.4.7 Sideeffects 61 3.5 Barium:ratpoisonorradio-contrastagent? 61 3.6 Exercises 63 3.7 Casestudies 65 3.7.1 Magnesiumhydroxidesuspension 65 3.7.2 Calciumcarbonatetablets 65 References 66 FurtherReading 66 4 TheBoronGroup–Group13 67 4.1 Generalchemistryofgroup13elements 67 4.1.1 Extraction 68 4.1.2 Chemicalproperties 69 4.2 Boron 70 4.2.1 Introduction 70 4.2.2 Pharmaceuticalapplicationsofboricacid 71 4.2.3 Bortezomib 71 4.3 Aluminium 71 4.3.1 Introduction 71 4.3.2 Biologicalimportance 72 4.3.3 Al3+anditsuseinwaterpurification 73 4.3.4 Aluminium-basedadjuvants 73 4.3.5 Antacids 74 4.3.6 Aluminium-basedtherapeutics–alginateraftformulations 75 4.3.7 Phosphatebinders 76 4.3.8 Antiperspirant 76 4.3.9 Potentialaluminiumtoxicity 77