Essentials of developmental plant anatomy

185 Pages·2017·11.677 MB·English

by  Taylor A. Steeves, Vipen K. Sawhney

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Essentials of Developmental Plant Anatomy
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Essentials of Developmental
Plant Anatomy
Taylor A. Steeves
Vipen K. Sawhney
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Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
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Press in the UK and certain other countries.
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
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© Oxford University Press 2017
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
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above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.
CIP data is on file at the Library of Congress
ISBN 978–0 –1 9–0 65705–5
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America
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Dedicated to the memory of the Late Taylor Steeves (co- author of this book).
A distinguished scholar, teacher, gentleman, mentor, and dear friend.
VKS
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Contents
Preface ix
1. Introduction 1
2. The Plant Cell 7
The Protoplast 8
The Cell Wall 13
Cell Growth 16
3. The Flower 17
Inflorescence Types 19
Flower Morphology 19
Variations in Flower Morphology 22
The Induction of Flowering 27
Flower Development 29
4. Reproduction 31
Vegetative Reproduction 32
Sexual Reproduction 34
Overview of Sexual Reproduction 42
Apomixis 43
5. Embryo, Seed, and Fruit Development 44
Patterns of Embryo Development 44
Somatic Embryogenesis 51
Seed Development 52
Fruit Development 55
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6. Shoot Morphology and Development 57
Growth of the Shoot 59
Shoot Apex and the Shoot Apical Meristem 60
Shoot Expansion 63
Shoot Branching 65
Shoot Modifications 66
Reproductive Shoots 67
7. Plant Cells and Tissues 69
Cell Types and Tissues 70
8. Tissues of the Stem 81
The Dicotyledonous Stem 82
Three-Dimensional Organization of the Vascular System 84
Differentiation of Tissues in the Stem 86
The Monocotyledonous Stem 91
The Stele 92
9. The Leaf 95
Leaf Form 96
Tissues of the Leaf 101
Variations Related to the Environment 104
Leaf Development 106
10. The Root 111
Root Systems 112
Root Associations 113
Root Apex and the Root Apical Meristem 115
Tissues of the Root 118
Root Branching 123
Shoot Buds from Roots 125
11. The Secondary Body 127
The Vascular Cambium 128
Secondary Xylem (The Wood) 133
Secondary Phloem 136
Secondary Growth in Monocotyledons 138
Periderm 139
Glossary 143
Bibliography 155
Index 157
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Preface
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The seed to put together this book was sown several years ago by the late
Professor Taylor Steeves and myself with the objective of providing, for a grow-
ing community of students and researchers in plant developmental genetics
and molecular biology, an abridged version of plant anatomy. At the time of our
proposal to Oxford University Press, there were excellent plant anatomy texts
available, including The Anatomy of Seed Plants by Katherine Esau, Plant Anatomy
by Abraham Fahn, Plant Anatomy (Parts 1 and 2) by Elizabeth Cutter, and Plant
Anatomy by James Mauseth, and more recently other books such as Esau’s Plant
Anatomy by Ray Evert and Plant Anatomy: An Applied Approach by David F. Cutler,
Ted Botha, and Dennis Wm. Stevenson. Although most of these books in plant
anatomy are superb in their content, they are exhaustive in detail. By using sev-
eral examples from different groups of plants, they provide a comparative account
of plant structure and function as well as evolutionary trends in plant structure.
We felt then, and even now, a need for an abbreviated text in anatomy with a
plant developmental perspective. This book should be useful to researchers and
students in plant biology in general, and in developmental genetics and molec-
ular biology in particular. This book could also serve as a complementary text
to an excellent laboratory exercises volume, Teaching Plant Anatomy by R. Larry
Peterson, Carol Peterson, and Lewis H. Melville, published in 2008.
It has taken a long time to bring this project to fruition, and there are sev-
eral reasons for this. Initially, Prof. Steeves and I tried to fit the writing work in
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