Essentials of Comparative Politics (Seventh Edition)

955 Pages·204.723 MB·English

AP and Advanced Placement Program are registered trademarks of the College Board,
which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
Reprinted by permission of The College Board.
W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William
Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s
Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon
expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from
America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—
trade books and college texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family
transferred control of the company to its employees, and today—with a staff of four hundred
and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year—W.
W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its
employees.
Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
All rights reserved
Editor: Laura Wilk
Project Editor: Linda Feldman
Editorial Assistant: Catherine Lillie
Director of High School Publishing: Jenna Bookin Barry
Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson
Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi
Production Manager: Elizabeth Marotta
Ebook Production Manager: Kate Barnes
Media Editor: Spencer Richardson-Jones
Media Associate Editor: Michael Jaoui
Media Editorial Assistant: Lena Nowak-Laird
Media Project Editor: Marcus Van Harpen
High School Media Editor: Alicia Jimenez
High School Marketing Manager: Christina Magoulis
Marketing Manager, Political Science: Ashley Sherwood
Design Director: Hope Miller Goodell
Text Design: Faceout Studio
Map Design: Mapping Specialists
Photo Editor: Catherine Abelman
Permissions Manager: Bethany Salminen
Permissions Specialist: Josh Garvin
Composition: Six Red Marbles
Cover Design: Faceout Studio, Tim Green
Cover Images: Illustrations by Connie Gabbert
Permission to use copyrighted material is included on page A-55.
The Library of Congress has cataloged another edition as follows:
Names: O’Neil, Patrick H., 1966-author. | W.W. Norton & Company.
Title: Essentials of comparative politics / Patrick H. O’Neil.
Description: Seventh Edition. | New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2020. |
Sixth edition published 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020024763 | ISBN 9780393422948 (Paperback) | ISBN 9780393532746
(ePub)
Subjects: LCSH: Comparative government. | State, The. | Capitalism. | Democracy. |
Postcommunism.
Classification: LCC JF51 .O54 2020 | DDC 320.3—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.
gov/2020024763
This edition:
ISBN 978-0-393-53297-5
ISBN 978-0-393-54019-2 (ebook)
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110-0017
wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS
Fonts
Crimson Text
https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/crimson
SIL OFL
Copyright (c) 2010, Sebastian Kosch ([email protected]), with Reserved Font Name
“Crimson Text”.
This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
http://scripts.sil.org/OFL
Jost
https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Jost#about
SIL OFL
This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
http://scripts.sil.org/OFL
OpenSans
https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/open-sans
Apache
Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004
https://www.fontsquirrel.com/license/open-sans
Ebook version: 7.1
CONTENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
xxi
PREFACE
xxiii
1
INTRODUCTION
2
What Is Comparative Politics?
6
The Comparative Method 7
Can We Make a Science of Comparative Politics? 11
A Guiding Concept: Political Institutions
18
A Guiding Ideal: Reconciling Freedom and Equality
22

INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: CAN WE MAKE A SCIENCE OF POLITICS? 24
In Sum: Looking Ahead and Thinking Carefully
26
2
STATES
28
Defining the State
31
The Origins of Political Organization
36
The Rise of the Modern State
38
Comparing State Power
43
Legitimacy 44
Centralization or Decentralization 47
Power, Autonomy, and Capacity 48

INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: WHY HAS PAKISTAN SLID TOWARD STATE FAILURE? 54
In Sum: Studying States
56

QUESTIONS AND METHODS: HOW DO WE MEASURE STATENESS? 58
3
NATIONS AND SOCIETY
60
Ethnic Identity
64
National Identity
66
Citizenship and Patriotism
68
Ethnic Identity, National Identity, and Citizenship: Origins and
Persistence
70
Ethnic and National Conflict 72
Political Attitudes and Political Ideology
75
Political Attitudes 76
Political Ideology 80
Religion, Fundamentalism, and the Crisis of Ideology
85
Political Culture
88
In Sum: Society and Politics
91

INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: HAS NEPAL’S NEW CONSTITUTION ENDED CIVIL WAR? 92

QUESTIONS AND METHODS: CAN FEDERALISM SOLVE ETHNIC CONFLICT? 96
4
POLITICAL ECONOMY
98
The Components of Political Economy
102
Markets and Property 102
Public Goods 104
Social Expenditures: Who Benefits? 105
Taxation 106
Money, Inflation, and Economic Growth 107
Regulation 110
Trade 111
Political-Economic Systems
112
Liberalism 113
Social Democracy 114
Communism 116
Mercantilism 118
Political-Economic Systems and the State: Comparing Outcomes
120
Measuring Wealth 121
Measuring Inequality and Poverty 122
Human Development Index (HDI) 124
Happiness 126
The Rise and Fall of Liberalism?
128
In Sum: A New Economic Era?
131
INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: WHY HAVE POVERTY AND INEQUALITY DECLINED IN LATIN AMERICA?
132

QUESTIONS AND METHODS: ARE LIBERAL ECONOMIES REALLY THAT LIBERAL? 136
5
POLITICAL VIOLENCE
138
What Is Political Violence?
141
Why Political Violence?
142
Institutional Explanations 142
Ideational Explanations 143
Individual Explanations 143
Comparing Explanations of Political Violence
144
Forms of Political Violence
146
Revolution 146
Terrorism 151
Terrorism and Revolution: Means and Ends
156
Political Violence and Religion
157
Countering Political Violence
161

INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: WHY DID THE “ARAB SPRING” OF 2011 OCCUR? 164
In Sum: Meeting the Challenge of Political Violence
166

QUESTIONS AND METHODS: WHY HAS SUICIDE TERRORISM EMERGED? 168
6
DEMOCRATIC REGIMES
170
Defining Democracy
173
Origins of Democracy
175
Contemporary Democratization
177
Modernization and Democratization 177
Elites and Democratization 179
Society and Democratization 179
International Relations and Democratization 180
Culture and Democratization 181
Institutions of the Democratic State
182
Executives: Head of State and Head of Government 182
Legislatures: Unicameral and Bicameral 183
Judiciaries and Judicial Review 184
Models of Democracy: Parliamentary, Presidential, and Semi-
Presidential Systems
185
Parliamentary Systems 186
Presidential Systems 187
Semi-Presidential Systems 188
Parliamentary, Presidential, and Semi-Presidential Systems: Benefits and
Drawbacks
190
Political Parties
192
Electoral Systems
193
Referendum and Initiative
201

INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: WHAT EXPLAINS DEMOCRATIZATION IN ASIA? 202
Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
204
In Sum: Future Challenges to Democracy
205

QUESTIONS AND METHODS: WHAT IS UNDERMINING DEMOCRACY? 208
7
DEVELOPED DEMOCRACIES
210
Defining Developed Democracy
214
Freedom and Equality in Developed Democracies
218
Contemporary Challenges for Developed Democracies
220
Political Institutions: Sovereignty Transformed?
221
The European Union: Integration, Expansion, and Resistance 222
Devolution and Democracy 227
Societal Institutions: New Identities in Formation?
229
Postmodern Values and Organization 230
Diversity, Identity, and the Challenge to Postmodern Values 231
Economic Institutions: A New Market?
233
Postindustrialism 234
Maintaining the Welfare State 235
In Sum: Developed Democracies in Transition
237

INSTITUTIONS IN ACTION: WHAT EXPLAINS THE GREEK ECONOMIC CRISIS? 238
QUESTIONS AND METHODS: WHAT EXPLAINS AUTHORITARIAN VIEWS IN DEVELOPED

DEMOCRACIES? 242
1
CASE UNITED STATES
244
Why Study This Case?
245
Major Geographic and Demographic Features
247
Historical Development of the State
248
America and the Arrival of the European Colonizers 248
The Revolution and the Birth of a New State 251
Consolidation of a Democratic Republic and Debate over the Role of the State 251
The Move West and Expansion of the State 253