Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 2nd Edition

785 Pages·2017·174.43 MB·English

by  Kenneth S. Saladin

Second Edition
Essentials of
Anatomy & Physiology
Kenneth S. Saladin
Georgia College
Robin K. McFarland
Cabrillo College
Digital Authors
Christina A. Gan
Highline Community College
Heather N. Cushman
Tacoma Community College
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ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, 2ND EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2014. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written
consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission,
or broadcast for distance learning.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LMN 21 20 19 18 17 16
ISBN 978-0-07-296554-4
MHID 0-07-296554-1
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Saladin, Kenneth S., author. | McFarland, Robin, author. | Gan,
Christina A., author. | Cushman, Heather N., author.
Title: Essentials of anatomy & physiology / Kenneth S. Saladin, Georgia
College & State University, Robin K. McFarland, Cabrillo College ;
digital
authors, Christina A. Gan, Highline Community College, Heather N.
Cushman,
Tacoma Community College.
Other titles: Essentials of anatomy and physiology
Description: Second edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2018]
Identifiers: LCCN 2016052225 | ISBN 9780072965544 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Human physiology—Textbooks. | Human anatomy—Textbooks.
Classification: LCC QP34.5 .S232 2018 | DDC 612—dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2016052225
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate
an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of
the information presented at these sites.
mheducation.com/highered
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Brief Contents
About the Authors iv PART 4
Table of Contents v
Circulation and Defense
Taking Anatomy & Physiology to New Heights x
Making Anatomy & Physiology Intriguing and Inspiring xii 12 The Circulatory System I: Blood 388
Acknowledgments xxi
13 The Circulatory System II: The Heart and
Blood Vessels 414
PART 1 14 The Lymphatic System and Immunity 466
Organization of the Body
1 The Study of Anatomy and Physiology 1 PART 5
2 Life, Matter, and Energy 31 Intake and Output
3 The Cellular Level of Organization 61
15 The Respiratory System 499
4 Histology—The Tissue Level of Organization 95
16 The Urinary System 525
17 The Digestive System 558
PART 2 18 Nutrition and Metabolism 596
Support and Movement
5 The Integumentary System 127 PART 6
6 The Skeletal System 146 Human Life Cycle
7 The Muscular System 201
19 The Reproductive System 628
20 Human Development and Aging 672
PART 3
Internal Coordination Appendix A: Answer Keys A-1
Appendix B: Health Science Careers A-8
8 The Nervous System I: Nerve Cells, the Spinal Cord,
Appendix C: Symbols, Weights, and Measures A-11
and Reflexes 252
Appendix D: Biomedical Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes A-13
9 The Nervous System II: The Brain, Cranial Nerves,
and Autonomic Nervous System 285 Appendix E: Periodic Table of the Elements A-17
10 The Sense Organs 324 Glossary G-1
11 The Endocrine System 360 Index I-1
iii
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About the Authors
KENNETH S. SALADIN is a Professor of Biology at Georgia College in Milledgeville, Georgia, where he
has taught since 1977. Ken teaches human anatomy and physiology, introductory medical physiology, histology,
animal behavior, and natural history of the Gala´pagos Islands. He has also previously taught introductory biology,
general zoology, sociobiology, parasitology, and biomedical etymology. Ken is a member of the Human Anatomy
and Physiology Society, American Physiological Society, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, and
American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is the author of the best-selling textbooks Anatomy &
Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function and Human Anatomy. Ken and his wife Diane have two adult
children.
© Tim Vacula
ROBIN MCFARLAND has taught anatomy and physiology at Cabrillo College in Aptos, California, since
1998. She earned a Ph.D. in physical (biological) anthropology from the University of Washington, where she
studied the relationship between body fat and reproduction in primates. Robin subsequently conducted research
on comparative ape anatomy with colleagues at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Robin is a member of
the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society, a member of the American Association of Anatomists, and a par-
ticipant in the Physiology Education Community of Practice (PECOP) sponsored by the American Physiological
Society. She was a contributing author to Human Anatomy, second edition, by Ken Saladin. She and her husband
Jeff have two children, Reid and Madeleine. Robin enjoys hiking and climbing mountains.
Courtesy of Robin
McFarland
CHRISTINA A. GAN, digital coauthor for Connect, has been teaching anatomy and physiology, microbiol-
ogy, and general biology at Highline Community College in Des Moines, Washington, since 1994. Before that,
she taught at Rogue Community College in Medford, Oregon, for 6 years. She earned her M.A. in biology from
Humboldt State University, researching the genetic variation of mitochondrial DNA in various salmonid species,
and is a member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society. When she is not in the classroom or developing
digital media, she is climbing, mountaineering, skiing, kayaking, sailing, cycling, and mountain biking through-
out the Pacific Northwest.
© Chris Gan/Yuen Lui
Studios
HEATHER N. CUSHMAN, digital coauthor for Connect, teaches anatomy and physiology at Tacoma
Community College in Tacoma, Washington, and is a member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society.
She received her Ph.D. in Neuroscience from the University of Minnesota in 2002, and completed a postdoctoral
fellowship at the Vollum Institute at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, Oregon, where she studied
sensory transduction and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle pain. She currently resides in Tacoma,
Washington, and enjoys climbing, camping, and hiking with her husband Ken and their daughter Annika.
Dedicated to everyone who's ever danced in the rain .—K.S.S.
© JC Penney Portraits/
This book is dedicated to my students, who inspire and delight me.—R.K.M.
Lifetouch Portrait
Studios, Inc.
The authors would enjoy hearing from colleagues and students alike who use this book and may wish to offer
suggestions for our next edition, or encouragement to continue doing certain things the way we have. Such
feedback is invaluable for improving a textbook, and the authors will endeavor to answer all correspondence.
Kenneth S. Saladin, Ph.D. Robin K. McFarland, Ph.D.
Georgia College, Milledgeville, Georgia Cabrillo College, Aptos, California
[email protected] [email protected]
iv
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Table of Contents
About the Authors iv Chapter 2
Table of Contents v
Life, Matter, and Energy 31
Taking Anatomy & Physiology to New Heights x
Making Anatomy & Physiology Intriguing and Inspiring xii
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 32
Acknowledgments xxi
2.2 Water, Acids, and Bases 38
2.3 Organic Compounds 41
PART 1
Perspectives on Health 52
Organization of the Body 2.4 Energy and Chemical Reactions 54
Career Spotlight: Medical Technologist 57
Study Guide 58
Chapter 3
The Cellular Level of Organization 61
3.1 The General Structure of Cells 62
3.2 The Cell Surface 64
3.3 The Cell Interior 76
3.4 The Life Cycle of Cells 85
Perspectives on Health 90
Career Spotlight: Cytotechnologist 91
Study Guide 92
© Eye of Science/Science Source
Chapter 4
Chapter 1 Histology—The Tissue Level of Organization 95
The Study of Anatomy and Physiology 1 4.1 The Study of Tissues 96
4.2 Epithelial Tissue 99
1.1 Anatomy—The Structural Basis of Human Function 2
4.3 Connective Tissue 106
1.2 Physiology—Dynamic Processes in the Living Body 8
4.4 Nervous and Muscular Tissues—The Excitable Tissues 114
Perspectives on Health 9
Perspectives on Health 117
1.3 The Human Body Plan 13
4.5 Glands and Membranes 118
1.4 The Language of Medicine 24
4.6 Tissue Growth, Development, Repair, and Death 121
Career Spotlight: Radiologic Technologist 27
Career Spotlight: Histotechnician 123
Study Guide 28
Study Guide 124
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PART 2 Chapter 7
Support and Movement The Muscular System 201
7.1 Muscular Tissue and Cells 202
7.2 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle 210
7.3 Cardiac and Smooth Muscle 219
7.4 Anatomy of the Muscular System 222
Perspectives on Health 224
Aging of the Muscular System 247
Career Spotlight: Massage Therapist 247
Connective Issues 248
Study Guide 249
PART 3
Internal Coordination
© Eye of Science/Science Source
Chapter 5
The Integumentary System 127
5.1 The Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue 128
Perspectives on Health 134
5.2 Accessory Organs 136
Aging of the Integumentary System 141
Career Spotlight: Dermatology Nurse 141
Connective Issues 142
Study Guide 143
Chapter 6
© Sciepro/Science Photo Library/Getty Images RF
The Skeletal System 146
6.1 Skeletal Structure and Function 147
Chapter 8
6.2 Bone Development and Metabolism 153
The Nervous System I: Nerve Cells, the Spinal Cord,
Perspectives on Health 157
and Reflexes 252
6.3 The Axial Skeleton 158
6.4 The Appendicular Skeleton 175 8.1 Cells and Tissues of the Nervous System 253
6.5 Joints 184 8.2 The Physiology of Neurons 261
Aging of the Skeletal System 196 Perspectives on Health 269
Career Spotlight: Orthopedic Nurse 196
Connective Issues 197
Study Guide 198
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8.3 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Reflexes 270 PART 4
Career Spotlight: Occupational Therapist 281
Circulation and Defense
Study Guide 282
Chapter 9
The Nervous System II: The Brain, Cranial Nerves, and
Autonomic Nervous System 285
9.1 Overview of the Brain 286
9.2 Principal Divisions of the Brain 293
9.3 Multiregional Brain Functions 300
9.4 The Cranial Nerves 307
9.5 The Autonomic Nervous System 309
Perspectives on Health 317
Aging of the Nervous System 318
Career Spotlight: Electroneurodiagnostic Technologist 319
Connective Issues 320
Study Guide 321 © Dr. Yorgos Nikas/Science Source
Chapter 10
Chapter 12
The Sense Organs 324
The Circulatory System I: Blood 388
10.1 Receptors and Sensations 325
10.2 The General Senses 328 12.1 Introduction 389
10.3 The Chemical Senses—Taste and Smell 331 12.2 Erythrocytes 393
10.4 The Ear—Equilibrium and Hearing 335 12.3 Leukocytes 399
10.5 The Eye and Vision 344 Perspectives on Health 403
Perspectives on Health 355 12.4 Platelets 405
Aging of the Sense Organs 356 Career Spotlight: Phlebotomist 409
Career Spotlight: Optician 356 Connective Issues 410
Study Guide 357 Study Guide 411
Chapter 11
Chapter 13
The Endocrine System 360
The Circulatory System II: The Heart and
11.1 Overview of the Endocrine System 361 Blood Vessels 414
11.2 Endocrine Physiology 364
13.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System 415
11.3 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 367
13.2 Gross Anatomy of the Heart 418
11.4 Other Endocrine Glands and Tissues 373
Perspectives on Health 424
Perspectives on Health 381
13.3 Physiology of the Heart 425
11.5 Stress Physiology 382
13.4 General Anatomy of Blood Vessels 433
Aging of the Endocrine System 383
13.5 Physiology of Circulation 438
Career Spotlight: Diabetes Educator 383
13.6 Circulatory Routes and Blood Vessels 444
Connective Issues 384
Aging of the Circulatory System 460
Study Guide 385
Career Spotlight: Electrocardiographic Technician 461
Connective Issues 462
Study Guide 463
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Chapter 14 Chapter 16
The Lymphatic System and Immunity 466 The Urinary System 525
14.1 The Lymphatic System 467 16.1 Functions of the Urinary System 526
14.2 Innate Immunity 476 16.2 Anatomy of the Kidney 528
14.3 Features of Adaptive Immunity 482 16.3 Glomerular Filtration 534
14.4 Cellular and Humoral Immunity 487 16.4 Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion 539
Perspectives on Health 493 16.5 Water Conservation 541
Aging of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems 494 Perspectives on Health 543
Career Spotlight: Public Health Nurse 494 16.6 Urine Storage and Elimination 544
Connective Issues 495 16.7 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance 548
Study Guide 496 Aging of the Urinary System 553
Career Spotlight: Dialysis Technician 553
Connective Issues 554
PART 5 Study Guide 555
Intake and Output
Chapter 17
The Digestive System 558
17.1 Overview of the Digestive System 559
17.2 The Mouth Through Esophagus 563
17.3 The Stomach 567
Perspectives on Health 574
17.4 The Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas 574
17.5 The Small Intestine 579
17.6 Chemical Digestion and Absorption 583
17.7 The Large Intestine 587
Aging of the Digestive System 591
Career Spotlight: Dental Hygienist 591
Connective Issues 592
Study Guide 593
© Susumu Nishinaga/Science Source
Chapter 18
Chapter 15
Nutrition and Metabolism 596
The Respiratory System 499
18.1 Nutrition 597
15.1 Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System 500 Perspectives on Health 605
15.2 Pulmonary Ventilation 510 18.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism 606
Perspectives on Health 515 18.3 Lipid and Protein Metabolism 610
15.3 Gas Exchange and Transport 516 18.4 Metabolic States and Metabolic Rate 614
Aging of the Respiratory System 520 18.5 Energy Balance and Appetite Regulation 617
Career Spotlight: Respiratory Therapist 520 18.6 Body Heat and Thermoregulation 620
Connective Issues 521 Career Spotlight: Dietitian 624
Study Guide 522 Study Guide 625
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PART 6 Chapter 20
Human Life Cycle Human Development and Aging 672
20.1 Fertilization and Preembryonic Development 673
20.2 The Embryonic and Fetal Stages 680
Perspectives on Health 690
20.3 The Neonate 691
20.4 Aging, Senescence, and Death 696
Career Spotlight: Genetic Counselor 700
Study Guide 701
Appendix A: Answer Keys A-1
Appendix B: Health Science Careers A-8
Appendix C: Symbols, Weights, and Measures A-11
Appendix D: Biomedical Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes A-13
Appendix E: Periodic Table of the Elements A-17
Glossary G-1
Index I-1
© David M. Phillips/Science Source
Chapter 19
The Reproductive System 628
19.1 Essentials of Sexual Reproduction 629
19.2 The Male Reproductive System 630
19.3 The Female Reproductive System 638
19.4 The Production and Union of Sex Cells 646
Perspectives on Health 660
19.5 Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Lactation 661
Aging of the Reproductive System 667
Career Spotlight: Midwife 667
Connective Issues 668
Study Guide 669
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