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Essential Radio Astronomy PDF

386 Pages·2016·33.51 MB·English
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Essential Radio Astronomy PRINCETONSERIESINMODERNOBSERVATIONALASTRONOMY DavidN.Spergel,SERIES EDITOR Written by some of the world’s leading astronomers, the Princeton Series in Modern ObservationalAstronomyaddressestheneedsandinterestsofcurrentandfutureprofes- sional astronomers. International in scope, the series includes cutting-edge monographs andtextbooksontopicsgenerallyfallingunderthecategoriesofwavelength,observational techniques and instrumentation, and observational objects from a multiwavelength perspective. Statistics, Data Mining, and Machine Learning in Astronomy: A Practical Python Guide for the AnalysisofSurveyData,byŽeljkoIvezic´,AndrewJ.Connolly,JacobT.VanderPlas,andAlexander Gray Essential Radio Astronomy James J. Condon and Scott M. Ransom PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS • PRINCETON AND OXFORD Copyright(cid:2)c 2016byPrincetonUniversityPress PublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress,41WilliamStreet, Princeton,NewJersey08540 IntheUnitedKingdom:PrincetonUniversityPress,6OxfordStreet, Woodstock,OxfordshireOX201TR AllRightsReserved ISBN978-0-691-13779-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016931166 BritishLibraryCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable ThisbookhasbeencomposedinMinionProw/Universelightcondensedfordisplay Printedonacid-freepaper∞ press.princeton.edu TypesetbyNovaTechsetPrivateLimited,Bangalore,India PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 AnIntroductiontoRadioAstronomy 1 1.2 TheDiscoveryofCosmicRadioNoise 9 1.3 ATouroftheRadioUniverse 15 2 RadiationFundamentals 23 2.1 BrightnessandFluxDensity 23 2.2 RadiativeTransfer 30 2.3 Polarization 40 2.4 BlackbodyRadiation 42 2.5 NoiseGeneratedbyaWarmResistor 50 2.6 CosmicMicrowaveBackgroundRadiation 53 2.7 RadiationfromanAcceleratedCharge 58 2.8 DustEmissionatRadioWavelengths 61 3 RadioTelescopesandRadiometers 64 3.1 AntennaFundamentals 64 3.2 ReflectorAntennas 80 3.3 Two-DimensionalApertureAntennas 92 3.4 Waveguides 100 3.5 RadioTelescopes 102 3.6 Radiometers 112 3.7 Interferometers 126 4 Free-FreeRadiation 141 4.1 ThermalandNonthermalEmission 141 4.2 HIIRegions 141 4.3 Free–FreeRadioEmissionfromHIIRegions 146 5 SynchrotronRadiation 160 5.1 Magnetobremsstrahlung 160 5.2 SynchrotronPower 163 5.3 SynchrotronSpectra 167 5.4 SynchrotronSources 178 5.5 Inverse-ComptonScattering 188 5.6 ExtragalacticRadioSources 194 vi • Contents 6 Pulsars 208 6.1 PulsarProperties 208 6.2 PulsarsandtheInterstellarMedium 222 6.3 PulsarTiming 225 7 SpectralLines 233 7.1 Introduction 233 7.2 RecombinationLines 234 7.3 LineRadiativeTransfer 242 7.4 ExcitationTemperature 247 7.5 Masers 249 7.6 RecombinationLineSources 252 7.7 MolecularLineSpectra 255 7.8 TheHI21-cmLine 266 A FourierTransforms 277 A.1 TheFourierTransform 277 A.2 TheDiscreteFourierTransform 278 A.3 TheSamplingTheorem 280 A.4 ThePowerSpectrum 282 A.5 BasicTransforms 282 A.6 BasicFourierTheorems 282 A.7 ConvolutionandCross-Correlation 284 A.8 OtherFourierTransformLinks 286 B MathematicalDerivations 287 B.1 EvaluationofPlanck’sSum 287 B.2 DerivationoftheStefan–BoltzmannLaw 288 B.3 ComplexExponentials 291 B.4 TheFourierTransformofaGaussian 293 B.5 TheGaussianProbabilityDistributionandNoiseVoltage 294 B.6 TheProbabilityDistributionofNoisePower 295 B.7 EvaluationoftheFree–FreePulseEnergyIntegral 296 B.8 TheNonrelativisticMaxwellianSpeedDistribution 297 C SpecialRelativity 299 C.1 Relativity 299 C.2 TimeDilationandLengthContraction 302 C.3 VelocityAdditionFormulas 302 C.4 Mass,Energy,andPower 303 D WavePropagationinaPlasma 305 D.1 DispersionandReflectioninaLow-DensityPlasma 305 D.2 FaradayRotationinaMagnetizedPlasma 307 Contents • vii E EssentialEquations 309 F Constants,Units,andDimensions 332 F.1 PhysicalConstants 332 F.2 AstronomicalConstants 332 F.3 MKS(SI)andGaussianCGSUnits 333 F.4 OtherConstantsandUnits 336 F.5 RadarandWaveguideFrequencyBands 336 F.6 DimensionalAnalysis 337 G SymbolsandAbbreviations 338 G.1 GreekSymbols 338 G.2 OtherSymbolsandAbbreviations 340 H ReferencesandLinks 348 H.1 ReferenceBooks 348 H.2 Links 349 Bibliography 351 Index 357

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