Essential psychology : a concise introduction

473 Pages·2010·11.332 MB·English

by  Philip Banyard, et al

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‘The distinctive contribution of this text is to provide a far-reaching and up-to-date analysis of key issues
in psychology in a highly accessible format. This reflects the authors’ considerable skills as scholars who s
are highly attuned to the needs of both students and teachers. Their text succeeds admirably in bringing s
psychology to life and life to psychology.’
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S. Alexander Haslam, Professor of Psychology, University of Exeter
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‘In a competitive field, this book brings an attractive and fresh perspective to what psychology is and
how it is researched. The text is very readable, with user-friendly aspects including clear headings and i EssEntial Psychology
sub-headings, definition boxes and researcher profiles. It will be a most useful and accessible text for a
those starting to study psychology.’
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Peter K. Smith, Professor and Head of Unit for School and Family Studies, Goldsmiths, University of London
P A ConCise introduCtion
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Essential Psychology: A Concise Introduction offers both the specialist and non-specialist psychology
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student the perfect resource at an affordable price. As an introductory textbook it represents a fresh
alternative to the range of expensive, hefty textbooks on the market that are full of topics you need but also c
many you don’t need on your course. Written by a UK team of authors, it spans 18 chapters concentrating
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on the following, core topic areas:
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• Conceptual and historical issues in psychology;
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• Cognitive psychology;
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• Biological psychology;
• Social psychology; g
• Developmental psychology;
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• The psychology of individual differences.
The textbook is stylishly presented in full colour, has an abundance of fun and engaging learning features,
and comes with its own companion website (www.sagepub.co.uk/banyard) full of materials for lecturers n E
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and students. o it
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Compact yet comprehensive, user-friendly and contemporary, this textbook is perfect for anyone studying a B y
psychology at university for the very first time. na
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Philip Banyard, Mark n. o. davies, christine norman and Belinda Winder, along with the contributors, y

are all based in the Division of Psychology at Nottingham Trent University. Wa
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ISBN: 978-1-84787-538-9
9 781847 875389
Cover design by Lisa Harper
banyard_essential psychology_aw.indd 1 25/1/10 12:37:24
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A CONCISE INTRODUCTION
. .
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Editorialarrangement©PhilipBanyard,MarkN.O.Davies, Chapter12©AlexMeredithandMonicaWhitty2010
ChristineNorman&BelindaWinder2010 Chapter13©LucyJ.Betts,LeeFarrington-Flint,JamesStiller,
Chapter1©MarkN.O.DaviesandPhilipBanyard2010 RebeccaLarkinandGarethL.Williams2010
Chapter2©SimonWatts2010 Chapter14©LeeFarrington-Flint,LucyR.Betts,Rebecca
Chapter3©GarryYoung2010 Larkin,JamesStiller,MarkTorranceandGarethL.
Chapter4©ThomBaguleyandAndrewJ.Edmonds2010 Williams2010
Chapter5©AndrewK.DunnandPaulaC.Stacey2010 Chapter15©GayleV.Dillon,SusannahJ.LambandAndrew
Chapter6©GaryJones2010 Grayson2010
Chapter7©AntonioCastroandMarkJ.T.Sergeant2010 Chapter16©GlennWilliams,JamieMurphyandJames
Chapter8©RachelR.HorsleyandChristineNorman2010 Houston2010
Chapter9©MarkJ.T.SergeantandAntonioCastro2010 Chapter17©EvaSundin2010
Chapter10©SusanHansen,PaigeWilcoxsonandDon Chapter18©JillArnoldandBrendanGough2010
Bysouth2010
Chapter11©MickGregson,RowenaHillandNickBlagden2010
Firstpublished2010
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CONTENTS
AbouttheBook xi
Acknowledgements xv
GuidedTour xvi
CompanionWebsite xviii
SectionA WHATWEKNOWABOUTHUMANBEINGS
TheFoundationsofModernPsychology 1
1 Sex,LiesandDigitalHorizons 5
MarkN.O.Davies,PhilipBanyard
1.1 Introduction 6
1.2 Beginnings 6
1.3 Thehumanape 7
1.4 Doessizematter? 13
1.5 Acyberneticfuture? 16
1.6 Conclusion 21
1.7 Chaptersummary 21
2 HowPsychologyBecameaScience 23
SimonWatts
2.1 Introduction 24

2.2 Keymomentsintheemergenceofmodernpsychology 24
2.3 Psychologyasastudyoftheconsciousmind:Helmholtz,Fechner,
Wundtanda‘naturalscienceofthemental’ 29
2.4 Twoalternativewaysoffoundingpsychology:SigmundFreudandthe
unconscious,WilliamJamesandfunctionalism 34
2.5 Conditioning:Watson,Pavlov,Skinnerandthestudyofbehaviour 37
2.6 Modernpsychology:cognitivescience,humanismandthereturnofthe
socialsciences 40
2.7 Conclusion 41
2.8 Chaptersummary 42
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CONTENTS
3 IssuesandDebatesinPsychology 43
GarryYoung
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 Themind–bodyproblem 44
3.3 Reductionism 54
3.4 Conclusion 57
3.5 Chaptersummary 58
SectionB HOWWETHINKANDMAKESENSEOFTHEWORLD
CognitivePsychology 61
4 Memory 65
ThomBaguley,AndrewJ.Edmonds
4.1 Introduction 66
4.2 Theoreticalfoundations 66
4.3 Memoryinaction 78
4.4 Chaptersummary 81
5 AnIntroductiontoSensation,PerceptionandAttention 83
AndrewK.Dunn,PaulaC.Stacey
5.1 Introduction 84
5.2 Sensation,perceptionandattention 84
5.3 Thesenses 85
5.4 Perceivingtheworld 90
5.5 Attention 96
5.6 Areweawareofeverything? 101
5.7 Chaptersummary 102
6 ThinkingandProblemSolving 104
GaryJones
6.1 Introduction 105
6.2 Problemsolving 105

6.3 Reasoning 115
6.4 Chaptersummary 122
SectionC HOWOURBRAINSAFFECTOURBEHAVIOUR
BiologicalPsychology 125
7 TheHumanNervousSystem:FunctionalAnatomy 129
AntonioCastro,MarkJ.T.Sergeant
7.1 Introduction 130
7.2 Overviewofthenervoussystem 131
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CONTENTS
7.3 Centralnervoussystem 135
7.4 Peripheralnervoussystem 146
7.5 Chaptersummary 147
8 CommunicationwithintheBrain 150
RachelR.Horsley,ChristineNorman
8.1 Introduction 151
8.2 Cellsinthenervoussystem 151
8.3 Communicationwithintheneurone 154
8.4 Communicationbetweenneurones 159
8.5 Neurotransmittersanddrugs 162
8.6 Chaptersummary 168
9 BrainandBehaviour:SexDifferences 170
MarkJ.T.Sergeant,AntonioCastro
9.1 Introduction 171
9.2 Theprocessofsexualdifferentiation 172
9.3 Sexdifferences 179
9.4 Sexualorientation 182
9.5 Chaptersummary 187
SectionD HOWWEINTERACTWITHEACHOTHER
SocialPsychology 191
10 BehaviourwithinGroups 195
SusanHansen,PaigeWilcoxson,DonBysouth
10.1 Introduction 196
10.2 Whatisagroup? 196
10.3 Watchingyou,watchingme:aha! 198
10.4 Aregroupselectric? 202
10.5 Decisionmakingwithingroups 205
10.6 Deindividua tion 208
10.7 Grouppolarisation 209
10.8 Individualinfluenceongroups 210
10.9 Chaptersummary 212
11 BehaviourbetweenGroups 214
MickGregson,RowenaHill,NicholasBlagden
11.1 Introduction 215
11.2 Fundamentalconcepts 215
11.3 Explainingprejudiceanddiscrimination 220
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CONTENTS
11.4 Reducingintergroupconflict 228
11.5 Chaptersummary 231
12 SocialJudgementsandBehaviour 233
AlexMeredith,MonicaWhitty
12.1 Introduction 234
12.2 Attributions 234
12.3 Biasesinattribution 236
12.4 Attitudes 238
12.5 Prosocialbehaviour 244
12.6 Chaptersummary 250
Section E HOW WE GROW AND CHANGE
Developmental Psychology 253
13 DevelopmentduringtheEarlyYears 257
LucyJ.Betts,LeeFarrington-Flint,JamesStiller,
RebeccaLarkin,GarethL.Williams
13.1 Introduction 258
13.2 Influencesoninfantdevelopment 258
13.3 Makingsenseofthesocialworld:infancyandbeyond 259
13.4 Earlylanguagedevelopment 263
13.5 Laterlanguagedevelopment 267
13.6 Earlysocialdevelopmentininfancy 268
13.7 Chaptersummary 273
14 DevelopmentduringtheSchoolYears 275
LeeFarrington-Flint,LucyR.Betts,RebeccaLarkin,
JamesStiller,MarkTorrance,GarethL.Williams
14.1 Introduction 276
14.2 Cognitivedevelopment 276
14.3 Laterlanguagedevelopment 282
14.4 Theory ofmind(TOM)andsocialreasoning 283
14.5 School-leddevelopmentandinstruction 286
14.6 Changingdynamicsinasocialworld 290
14.7 Chaptersummary 293
15 AtypicalChildDevelopment 296
GayleV.Dillon,SusannahJ.Lamb,AndrewGrayson
15.1 Introduction 297
15.2 Whatisatypicaldevelopment? 297
15.3 Influencesonatypicaldevelopmentwithinthechild 298
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CONTENTS
15.4 Outsideinfluencesonatypicaldevelopment 305
15.5 Chaptersummary 312
Section F HOW WE KNOW AND MEASURE OUR INDIVIDUALITY
The Psychology of Individual Differences 315
16 Personality 319
GlennWilliams,JamieMurphy,JamesHouston
16.1 Introduction 320
16.2 Whatispersonality? 320
16.3 Traitapproachestopersonality 321
16.4 Thesituationalistcritiqueoftraitpsychology 328
16.5 Real-worldapplicationsofpersonalitytheoriesno.1:canyour
personalitymakeyouill? 330
16.6 Real-worldapplicationsofpersonalitytheoriesno.2:can
knowledgeofyourpersonalityhelpyoutobecomeamore
effectiveworker? 333
16.7 Real-worldapplicationsofpersonalitytheoriesno.3:can
knowingaboutastudentÕspersonalitybringaboutabetter
educationalenvironment? 334
16.8 Chaptersummary 336
17 Intelligence:MeasuringtheMind 338
EvaSundin
17.1 Introduction 339
17.2 Differentviewsonintelligence 339
17.3 Earlyconceptsofintelligence 341
17.4 Currentconceptsofintelligence 348
17.5 Groupdifferencesinintelligence 353
17.6 Chaptersummary 357
18 Self 359
JillArnold,BrendanGough

18.1 Introduction 360
18.2 Thequestionofself 360
18.3 Selfandpersonality 361
18.4 Groupmembershipandsocialidentity 365
18.5 Explainingidentity 368
18.6 Chaptersummary 375
Glossary 377
References 408
Index 446