Essential Modern World History Student's Book

240 Pages·2002·136.71 MB·English

by  Ben Walsh

ESSENTIAL
modern
world
history
Ben Walsh
.
Hodder Murray Are YOU in this?
A MEMBER OFTHE HODDER HEADLINE GROUP
Note: Somewritten sources have been adapted or abbreviated to make them accessible
to all students, while faithfully preservingthe sense ofthe original.
Words printed in SMALL CAPITALS are defined in the Glossary on page 219.
© Ben Walsh 2002
First published in 2002
byJohn Murray (Publishers) Ltd, a memberofthe Hodder Headline Group
338 Euston Road
London NW1 3BH
Reprinted 2004, 2005
All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced in any material form
(including photocopying orstoring in any medium byelectronic means and whetheror
not transientlyorincidentallytosome other use ofthis publication) without the written
permission ofthe publisher, exceptin accordance with the provisions ofthe Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988or under the terms ofa licence issued by the Copyright
LicensingAgency.
Layouts byFiona Webb
Illustrations byOxford Designers and Illustrators
CoverdeSign byJohn Townson/Creation
Picture research by LizMoore
Typeset in Garamond byWearsetLtd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear
Colourseparations by ColourscriptDigital Ltd, Mildenhall, Suffolk
Printed and bound in Spain by Bookprint, S. 1., Barcelona
ACIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-IO: 0719 57715 2
ISBN-13: 9780 719 577154
Teacher's Resource Book ISBN-lO: 0 719 577160
ISBN-13: 978071957716 1
Contents
SECTION 1 The FirstWorldWar
Chapter 1 Britain and the Great War
1.1 Whydid Europe go towarin 1914? 2
1.2 Whydid all themilitaryplansfail in 1914? 8
1.3 Atourthrough the trenches 12
1.4 Howdid theybreakthestalemateontheWesternFront? 17
1.5 TheBattleoftheSomme 20
1.6 ShouldtheGreatWar reallybecalledaworldwar? 26
Chapter 2 British depth study: Britain 1906-18
PartA: TheLiberal Party'swelfare reforms 1907-11
2.1 Whydid theLiberalsintroducewelfare reforms? 28
2.2 Didthe Liberalwelfare reformswork? 32
part B: Votesforwomen
2.3 Votesforwomen: for andagainst 36
2.4 Thefightforthevote: SuffragistsandSuffragettes 38
2.5 Whydidsomewomen getthevotein 1918? 44
Part C: Britain atwar
2.6 Howdid DORAgetBritain organisedfor theGreatWar? 48
2.7 Howdidwomencontributeto thewareffort? 54
SECTION 2 Co-operation and conflict 1919-45
Chapter 3 Makingpeace 1919-23
3.1 Prospectsforpeace 58
3.2 Whatdidthe BigThreewant? 60
3.3 TheTreatyofVersailles:winnersandlosers 62
3.4 Wasthe treatyto blamefor Germany'sproblems? 66
3.5 Werethe peacemakers 'verystupidmen'? 68
Chapter 4 Keeping the peace in the 1920s
4.1 Was theLeagueofNations agoodidea? 70
4.2 DidtheLeagueworkwell inthe 1920s? 74
Chapter 5 Weimar and Nazi Germany 1918-45
PartA: TheWeimarRepublic
5.1 Howdidthings look for theWeimarRepublic in 1919? 78
5.2 HowwelldidtheWeimarRepublicdofrom 1919to 1923? 81
5.3 WastheWeimarRepublicasuccess 1924-29? 86
PartB: FromWeimarRepublictoNazidictatorship
-
5.4 HowdidGermansfeel abouttheNazisinthe 1920s? 90
5.5 HowdidHitlerbecomeChancellorin 1933? 94
5.6 WhatwasHitler'svisionforGermany? 98
5.7 HowdidHitlertakecontrolofGermany? 100
Part C: Life inNazi Germany
5.8 HowdidtheNazis keepcontrolinGermany? 102
5.9 HowdidyoungpeoplereacttotheNazis? 108
5.10 HowdidtheNazis treatwomenandfamilies? 112
5.11 WhydidtheNazispersecuteminorities? 115
5.12 HowdidNaziGermanycopewith thedemandsofwar? 118
Chapter6 The road to war 1929-39
6.1 Theroadto theSecondWorldWar- asummary 120
6.2 Whatwere theeffectsoftheDepression? 122
6.3 WhydidtheLeagueofNationsfail inthe 1930s? 124
6.4 Hitler'swords, Hitler'sactions 126
"I
6.5 Was appeasementagoodidea? 128
6.6 Shockhorror! TheNazi-SovietPact1939 132
6.7 Hitler'swar? 134
Chapter 7 Britain in the SecondWorldWar
PartA: Britain atwar 1939-45
7.1 Whycouldn'tBritainstopHitler 1939-40? 136
7.2 HowimportantwereDunkirkandthe BattleofBritain? 138
7.3 WhydidtheBattleoftheAtlanticfrighten Churchill? 142
7.4 BritainandthebomberwaragainstGermany 144
7.5 TheendofthewarinEurope 146
Part B: TheHomeFront 1939-45
7.6 TheEdwardsfamily intheSecondWorldWar 148
7.7 Howdid governmentaction affectpeople? 152
SECTION 3 The ColdWar
~
Chapter 8 The coming ofthe ColdWar 1945-49 ~
~
8.1 Whydidthe USAandthe USSRfall outafter 1945? 160
~
8.2 WhydidthesuperpowersclashoverBerlin 1948-49? 170
Chapter 9 ColdWar- HotWar 1950-72
9.1 AtouchofColdWarmadness 172
9.2 Containmentcasestudy 1:the KoreanWar 1950-53 177
9.3 Containmentcasestudy2: the CubanMissileCrisis 1962 180
9.4 Containmentcasestudy3: theVietnamWar 1964-72 186
Chapter 10 Eastern Europe 1953-89
10.1 HowdidStalinandKhrushchevcontrolEasternEurope? 196
10.2 WhydidKhrushchevsendtanks intoHungaryin 1956? 198
10.3 WhydidKhrushchevbuildthe BerlinWallin 1961? 203
10.4 Czechoslovakia 1968: arepeatof1956? 206
10.5 HowimportantwasSolidarityinPoland? 209
10.6 WhydidCommunismcollapsein 1989? 212
Glossary 219
Index 229
Acknowledgements 233
Britain and the
Great War
11 1.1 Why did Europe go to war in 1914?
alliance; arms race; colony; empire; tension
Here is the bottom line for
this topic. Give four examples
SOURCE 1
ofTENSION between countries
that helped to lead to the
GreatWar.
The uniform that Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of the Austrian empire, was
wearing when he was assassinated in Sarajevo in 1914.
Look at Source 1. It is dramatic, maybe even a bit shocking,
to be looking at the clothes that a man died in. The murder
of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914 led to the deadliest war the
world had ever seen. We call it the First World War. It is
also often called the Great War.
But it was not just the murder of the Archduke that
caused the war. To find out the real causes, you have to
2 look back many years.
The fuse is laid
Tension between countries in Europe had been building
for years.
• There was tension over For the previous fifty
COLONIES.
years, European countries had been competing with each
other to build bigger especially in Africa.
EMPIRES,
• There was an going on. Most countries were
ARMS RACE
building up their armies. Britain and Germany were
building up their navies, too.
• Europe was divided into rival (see Source 2).
ALLIANCES
In an alliance, each member promises to help the others
if there is a war. France, Britain and Russia made an
alliance, called the 'Triple Entente', because they were
scared of Germany. Germany felt that the Triple Entente
was an attempt to encircle it so it made an alliance,
called the 'Dual Alliance', with Austria-Hungary!
SOURCE 2
Key , , g
Alsace-Lorraine - taken by ?
D
Germany in 1871 but France I
The Dual Alliance
still wanted it back.
D RUSSIA
The Triple Entente .. 0c0f0-!<:J
D
Neutral countries
/..~---'
~ The Ottoman The Balkans
GERMANY (.
Cd (Turkish) Empire Austria-Hungary,
D /'..'_._'"~~";\,T~~:~~~\ Russia and Turkey
Disputed areas , all wanted to control
this area.
~ Flashpoint t-··.
'--\
'-'.'
o ,--------;{ ---....-.~: \....-,.
I
Scale
N
t SPAIN
MOROCCO ALGERIA
(French) (French)
Morocco- both France
and Germanywanted
control here.
LIBYA EGYPT
(Italian) (British)
Amap of Europe in 1914 showing the two alliances. 3
~ wordi The tension builds
ally; ethnic
From time to time, these tensions brought countries close to
war.
Germany versus France: Morocco Germany versus Britain:
Dreadnoughts
In 1905, then again in 1911, France tried
to take over Morocco. Germany wanted Britain had the strongest navy in the
to control Morocco as well, as it was world. It needed a strong navy to control
trying to build up its own African empire its massive overseas empire. When
at this time. So it sent a warship to Agadir Germany started to build up its navy,
(in Morocco) to stop France. It looked Britain was very suspicious that Germany
like there might be a war but a might try to take over some of its
conference was held and a compromise colonies.
was reached. France got Morocco, but From 1906, the arms race entered a
Germany got some land in Central Africa new phase. Germany and Britain
instead. competed to build new super battleships
called Dreadnoughts. They were the most
They're getting fartoo arrogant. advanced weapons of their time. They
It's none oftheir business whatwe
were faster, better armed and more
do here in Morocco.
heavily armoured than any other ships.
Whatdoyou need that navyfor?
You don't have an overseas empire
to protect.
We'vegot
as much right
to be in Morocco
asthey have. Ouroverseastrade is nearlyas
big asyours. We need to protect
ourships. Whyareyou objecting to
our navy?
30
_ 25 D Britain
D
OV..>.... Germany
-so
Cii 20
.o~
~ g 15
c"O
..r.o... ~ 10
~
~o
5
o
-'----'--..L........J'--_-'---'---'-_------'----'-----'-_
1908 1911 1914
Year
4
Austria~ungaryversus Russia: Germany, France andRussia: massive
the Balkans armies
The Balkans was a very unstable area. With all this tension around, all the great
Different ETHNIC groups were mixed powers built up their armies and navies.
together, and they distrusted each other.
Russia and Austria-Hungary both
-
wanted to control this area so that they
could have access to the Mediterranean
Sea. In 1908, Austria-Hungary
-
unexpectedly took over Bosnia. Russia r-
(and its close ALLY, Serbia) protested, but - ..-
then backed down when Germany made
it clear it would support Austria-Hungary
o
if they attacked. Russia did not want to
.':If
§-'I. fJ}(:\
fight Germany as well asAustria-Hungary. ~ ~QO
.:<::-..;:)
From then on, Russia distrusted Austria
Hungary and began to build up its army The really big armies were in Germany,
so that it could fight in the future. France and Russia. Germany felt very
threatened surrounded by two enormous
With Germanyon our side we
armies that belonged to a rival alliance.
can do what we want.
Whatdoyou need that huge
armyfor'?
o
o
o
o
0°
They'll notgetawaywith it To defend mycountryfrom your
nexttime. hugearmies.
Why did Europe go to war in 1914? Germany Austria-Hungary
1 Make your own copy ofthis table. France
2 Fill out the blue shaded areas with examples I-R-u-s-si-a---+--------+-------1
oftension between those countries. You can
get ideas from pages 2-5. Britain
L- -L ----L _
5