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Essential Microbiology for Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science PDF

236 Pages·2013·6.936 MB·English
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CH19 11/28/2012 13:31:2 Page196 FFIRS 11/29/2012 9:57:41 Page1 Essential Microbiology for Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science FFIRS 11/29/2012 9:57:41 Page2 Companion website This book is accompanied by a companion website at: www.wiley.com/go/hanlon/essentialmicrobiology Visit the website for: (cid:129) Figures and tables from the book (cid:129) Interactive multiple choice questions (cid:129) Links to more detailed reference sources, both printed and electronic FFIRS 11/29/2012 9:57:41 Page3 Essential Microbiology for Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Geoffrey Hanlon and Norman Hodges School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, UK FFIRS 11/29/2012 9:57:42 Page4 Thiseditionfirstpublished2013#2013byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd Wiley-BlackwellisanimprintofJohnWiley&Sons,formedbythemergerofWiley’sglobalScientific,TechnicalandMedical businesswithBlackwellPublishing. Registeredoffice: JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK Editorialoffices: 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030-5774,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyforpermissiontoreusethe copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyany means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatents Act1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesandproductnames usedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnot associatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformation inregardtothesubjectmattercovered. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook,they makenorepresentationsorwarrantieswiththerespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecifically disclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisheris notengagedinrenderingprofessionalservicesandneitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliablefordamagesarisingherefrom. Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Hanlon,Geoff. EssentialMicrobiologyforPharmacyandPharmaceuticalScience/GeoffHanlonandNormanHodges. p.;cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-66532-9(cloth)–ISBN978-0-470-66534-3(pbk.) I. Hodges,NormanA. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. MicrobiologicalPhenomena. 2. Anti-InfectiveAgents–pharmacology. 3. Infection–drugtherapy. 4. Infection–microbiology. 5. PharmaceuticalPreparations. 6. PharmacologicalPhenomena.QW4] 615.7092–dc23 2012027340 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks. Setin10/12ptTimesbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India FirstImpression2013 FTOC 11/28/2012 14:18:2 Page5 Contents Preface vii Part I Characteristics of microorganisms Chapter 1 Themicrobialworld 3 Chapter 2 Handlingandgrowingmicroorganisms 11 Chapter 3 Bacterialstructureandfunction 21 Chapter 4 Mycology:thestudyoffungi 33 Chapter 5 Protozoa 43 Chapter 6 Virusesandviralinfections 49 Chapter 7 Characteristicsofothermicroorganismsandinfectiousagents 57 Part II Microorganisms and the treatment of infections Chapter 8 Infectionandimmunity 65 Chapter 9 Theselectionanduseofantibiotics 79 Chapter 10 Antibacterialantibiotics 87 Chapter 11 Antifungalagents 95 Chapter 12 Antiviralagents 103 Chapter 13 Antibioticresistance 117 Chapter 14 Antibioticstewardship 127 Part III Microorganisms and the manufacture of medicines Chapter 15 Bioburdens:counting,detectingandidentifyingmicroorganisms 137 Chapter 16 Antiseptics,disinfectantsandpreservatives 149 Chapter 17 Themanufactureofmedicines:productcontaminationandpreservation 161 Chapter 18 Thedesignofsterilizationprocesses 175 Chapter 19 Sterilizationmethods 183 Chapter 20 Theuseofmicroorganismsinthemanufactureofmedicines 197 Index 209 v FTOC 11/28/2012 14:18:2 Page6 FPREF 11/28/2012 14:7:20 Page7 Preface Asapharmaceuticalscientist or practicing pharmacist, what do we need to know about microbiology? Whetheryouarestudyingforadegreeinpharmacyor arelateddisciplinesuchaspharmaceuticalandchemi- calsciences,youare, firstandforemost, pharmaceuti- calscientistsandneedtounderstandthemainfunction ofprofessionalsworkinginthisfield.Thepharmaceu- ticalsciencesareaverybroaddisciplineencompassing The diagram above illustrates that pharmaceutical everything from the basic sciences to the social sci- microbiology touches on a number of major aspects in ences; however, the bottom line is that pharma- theproductionanduseofmedicinesandwewillbriefly ceutical scientists are the only professionals with an deal with each of these in turn. intimate knowledge of the production and use of medicines. They are involved at every stage in the productionofmedicines–fromdrugdiscovery,prod- Production of medicines uctformulationandmanufacturetoregulatorycontrol and quality assurance, while pharmacists are specifi- A large number of medicines and medical devices are callyinvolvedinoverseeingthesafeandeffectiveuseof manufactured as sterile products – for example, injec- medicinesinthecommunityandinhospital.However, tionsandinfusions,eyedropsandeyeointments,some regardlessofwhereyourspecificexpertiseresides,itis dressings, catheters and cannulas. Going back in time, important to have a good knowledge of all stages in therewereanumberofhorrificincidentswhereproducts the process. that had not been properly sterilized were given to Withthisinmindwenowneedtounderstandwhere patients, some of whom subsequently died. It is our pharmaceutical microbiology fits into the picture. responsibilityaspharmaceuticalscientiststounderstand vii FPREF 11/28/2012 14:7:20 Page8 viii Preface theprocessesofsterilizationandasepticmanufactureso theenvironment.Fromapatientperspectiveprobablythe that patients’ lives are not put at risk. mostimportantroleofthepharmacististounderstandthe Evenifamedicineisnotasterileproduct,therearestill useofantibiotics–whattheycandoandwhattheycan’t. requirementsforittobemanufacturedinsuchawayasto Forinstance,anantibioticsuchasamoxicillinwouldbeof restrictmicrobialcontamination,andqualitycontrolpro- no use in treating a patient with a viral sore throat or a cedures including bioburden determination and environ- fungal lung infection. Indeed we need to gofurther and mental monitoring are pivotal to achieve this. Many understand why an antibacterial antibiotic such as ben- products,suchascreams,lotionsandliquidoralproducts, zylpenicillinwouldbeineffectiveintreatingapatientwith areopenedandusedonanumberofseparateoccasions.In aGram-negativebacteraemia.Anincreasinglyimportant order to protect the product and the patient we need to issueandonethatwillplayamajorpartinthecareerofany incorporateantimicrobialpreservativesintothesemedicines pharmacistorpharmaceuticalscientististhatofantibiotic andunderstandwhatinfluencestheirefficacy. resistance.Manyoftheantibioticsthatwehavecometo While we spend a lot of time trying to eliminate relyuponarelosingtheirusefulnessascertainpathogens microorganismsfromourenvironmentandtheproducts developmechanisms to resist their effects. Some clinical we make, it should not be forgotten that they are also isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter bau- responsiblefortheproductionofanumberofveryuseful mannii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis havebeen found materials.Theseincludeantibiotics,steroids,insulinand whichareresistanttovirtuallyallofthestandardantibiotic otherrecombinantproteins,aminoacids,organicacids, therapies. How these infections can be managed in the enzymes and polysaccharides. future requires a clear understanding of the basics of microbiology. Understanding infection Controlling microorganisms in the environment by the use of disinfectants and antiseptics has become increasingly crucial as we understand more about the Itisnottheroleofapharmaceuticalscientisttodiagnose role of microbes in infection. The use ofalcohol gelsin infections; that is the job of the clinician, but it is hospitals has become the norm and the public has important that we have a clear understanding of viral, become more aware of the importance of disinfection fungalandbacterialdiseases.Thereasonthisisimportant aroundthehome.Disinfectantsarethemaintoolindeep isbecauseitcriticallyinfluencesthechoiceofmedication cleaningproceduresappliedfollowingoutbreaksofinfec- tobeusedinthemanagementofthedisease.Knowingthe tionssuchasMRSAandClostridiumdifficileinhospitals. characteristics of different pathogens, the diseases they Pharmacistswillplayaroleinimplementingthesestrat- cause and the most suitable management protocols is egiesandwillneedtobeinapositiontoprovideadvice criticalforourroleintheinfectioncontrolteam.Partof on all of these scenarios. our daily professional routine may be to discuss treat- mentoptionswithclinicalcolleaguesandwehavetobe able to speak their language. The scope of this book We also need to understand how the body reacts to infectiousagentssothatwecanadvisepatientsonhowto ThisbookcoversthemicrobiologycontentoftheRoyal dealwiththeirsymptoms.Manypatientswillpresentwith Pharmaceutical Society’s syllabus for Pharmacy degrees minorconditionssuchascoughsandcolds,skininfections, intheUKwhichisequallyrelevanttothosestudyingthe gastro-intestinalproblemssuchasdiarrhoeaandvomiting pharmaceuticalandchemicalsciences.Itisnotintended andweneedtounderstandwhatisgoingoninordertogive togiveacomprehensivecoverageofthewholesubjectbut them the best advice. Moreover, we are seeing increasing instead to be an easily digestible outline of the most numbers of patients with compromised immune systems important features. If the reader requires further infor- and so it is necessary to understand why these are more mationonanyofthesubjects,thewebsiteassociatedwith susceptibletoinfectionandhowthismightbemanaged. thisbookgivesexamplesofwherethismaybefound,and in addition it contains a range of multiple choice ques- Control of microbes tionstoallowareadertochecktheirunderstandingofthe material. Anunderstandingofthecontrolofmicrobesisrelevantin termsofpatienttreatmentandalsocontrolofmicrobesin Geoffrey Hanlon and Norman Hodges

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