Essential Manual of 24 Hour Blood Pressure Management

400 Pages·2022·11 MB·english

by  Kazuomi Kario

Essential Manual of 24- Hour Blood
Pressure Management
Essential Manual
of 24-Hour Blood
Pressure
Management
From Morning to Nocturnal
Hypertension
Second Edition
Kazuomi Kario,
MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FESC
Professor and Chairman, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
This edition first published 2022
© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Edition History
John Wiley & Sons Ltd (1e, 2015)
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Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Names: Kario, Kazuomi, author.
Title: Essential manual of 24-hour blood pressure management: from morning
to nocturnal hypertension / Kazuomi Kario.
Other titles: Essential manual of twenty four-hour blood pressure management
Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell, 2022. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021028709 (print) | LCCN 2021028710 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119799368 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119799382 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119799405 (epub)
Subjects: MESH: Hypertension–drug therapy | Blood Pressure Monitoring,
Ambulatory | Blood Pressure–physiology | Blood Pressure Determination |
Circadian Rhythm–physiology
Classification: LCC RC685.H8 (print) | LCC RC685.H8 (ebook) | NLM WG 340
| DDC 616.1/32061–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021028709
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021028710
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Images: © Creations/Shutterstock
Set in 9/12pt Meridien by Straive, Pondicherry, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Author biography, xi
Preface – Direction to “Perfect 24-hour Blood Pressure Control”, xv
Acknowledgments, xix
1 Evidence and scientific rationale for ambulatory blood pressure
monitoring (ABPM), 1
Diurnal BP variation and the concept of “perfect 24- hour BP control”, 1
Nocturnal hypertension and nocturnal BP dipping status, 3
Nocturnal BP dipping status, 3
Non-dipper patterns of BP and pulse rate, 3
Riser pattern of BP and cardiovascular disease risk, 4
Riser pattern and HF, 7
Riser pattern and brain damage, 15
Nocturnal hypertension, 17
Associated Conditions and Mechanisms of Nocturnal Hypertension, 20
Mechanism of cardiovascular risk of nocturnal hypertension, 22
Extreme dipping, 24
Morning surge in BP, 27
Definition of MBPS, 33
Morning BP surge and cardiovascular disease, 34
Morning BP surge and organ damage, 37
Determinants of MBPS, 43
Mechanism of morning risk, 44
Morning BP surge and hemostatic abnormalities, 46
Vascular mechanism of exaggerated morning BP surge, 49
BP Variability and systemic hemodynamic atherothrombotic syndrome
(SHATS), 52
The resonance hypothesis of BP surge, 53
Orthostatic hypertension, 54
Ambulatory BP variability, 57
Visit- to- visit variability in office BP, 58
Vicious cycle between BP variability and vascular disease— SHATS, 59
v
vi Contents
White- coat and masked hypertension, 71
White- coat hypertension, 73
Masked hypertension, 75
Advances in ABPM, 75
Development of information and communication technology- based
multi- sensor (IMS)- ABPM, 75
New ABPM indices, 77
HI- JAMP registry, 82
2 Scientific rationale for HBPM, 85
Five prospective, general practitioner- based, home BP studies, 85
Morning hypertension, 85
Control status of morning home BP in the J- HOP study, 88
Evidence for morning hypertension control, 89
Home BP variability, 99
Morning–evening difference (ME- dif), 99
SD, CV, ARV, and VIM of home BP, 101
Maximum home SBP, 103
Orthostatic Home BP Change, 103
Seasonal variation of home BP and “thermosensitive
hypertension”, 109
Alcohol, 113
Daytime hypertension (stress hypertension), 115
Nighttime HBPM, 115
Cutting- edge of HBPM, 115
Basic nighttime home BP monitoring (Medinote), 119
Clinical evidence using nocturnal HBPM: J- HOP nocturnal BP study, 119
Trigger nighttime BP monitoring, 127
IT- based trigger nighttime BP monitoring system and the SPREAD
study, 133
CPAP adherence and nighttime BP surge, 135
Antihypertensive medication on nighttime BP surge, 139
Wrist home HBPM and WISDOM Night study, 145
3 Practical use of ABPM and HBPM, 147
Concept and positioning of ABPM and HBPM in guidelines, 147
Recent guidelines, 147
Diagnosis of masked and white- coat hypertension, 147
Definition of morning hypertension, 148
Definition of nocturnal hypertension, 150
When to use HBPM and ABPM, 150
Contents vii
Clinically suspected SHATS, 152
Cardio- ankle vascular index (CAVI), 154
Coupling study, 154
How to measure home BP, 155
Nighttime home BP measurement schedule, 159
ABPM parameters, 162
24- hour BP, 166
Daytime BP and nighttime BP, 166
Morning BP parameters, 166
Nighttime BP parameters, 166
MBPS parameters, 166
Nighttime BP surge parameters, 166
Nighttime BP dipping parameters, 167
ABPM- defined hypertension subtypes, 167
Home and ambulatory BP- guided management of hypertension, 167
STEpwise- Personalized 24- hour BP control approach (STEP24 approach), 167
Targeting morning hypertension (Step 1), 167
Targeting nocturnal hypertension (Step 2), 171
Pressor mechanism- based nighttime BP management strategy, 173
4 BP targets, when to initiate antihypertensive therapy, and
nonpharmacological treatment, 177
Clinical implications of antihypertensive treatment, 177
SPRINT and automated office BP, 177
Meta- analysis of antihypertensive trials, 177
When to initiate antihypertensive therapy, 178
Patient preference, 178
Sodium intake, 179
Other dietary requirements, 181
Exercise, 183
Sleep hygiene, 185
Housing condition, 185
Applications and algorithms to facilitate lifestyle modification: CureAPP, 187
5 Antihypertensive medication, 189
Concept of 24- hour BP lowering including nighttime and morning BPs, 189
Chronotherapy, 189
Antihypertensive drug choice, 190
Calcium channel blockers, 190
Amlodipine, 194
Nifedipine, 195
viii Contents
Cilnidipine, 197
Azelnidipine, 199
Angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors, 201
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), 201
Valsartan, 201
Telmisartan, 204
Candesartan, 204
Olmesartan, 205
Azilsartan, 206
Diuretics, 212
Alpha- adrenergic blockers and beta- adrenergic blockers, 214
Mineralocorticoid receptor blockers (MRB), 215
Angiotensin receptor- neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi), 217
Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA), 221
Combination therapy, including single pill combinations, 222
First- line therapy, 222
Second- line therapy, 222
Clinical trials of antihypertensive combination therapy, 226
Management of resistant hypertension, 238
Third- line therapy, 238
Fourth- line therapy, 239
SGLT2 inhibitors, 240
SACRA study, 243
SHIFT- J study, 244
LUSCAR study, 248
Summary, 250
Other BP- lowering therapies, 252
Hypnotics, 252
XOR inhibitor, 252
Herbal medication, 253
6 Renal denervation, 255
Unsolved issues in the treatment of hypertension and the era for renal
denervation, 255
Hypothesis of perfect 24- hour BP control by renal denervation, 256
History, 257
Advances in devices, 262
Symplicity spyral system (radiofrequency thermal ablation), 262
Iberis® system, 264
Paradise system (ultrasonic thermal ablation), 264
Contents ix
Peregrine system (trans- arterial alcohol injection), 265
Other energy modalities, 266
Evidence for renal denervation treatment of hypertension from
Sham- controlled trials, 266
SPYRAL trials, 266
RADIANCE- HTN SOLO study, 268
Evidence from Japanese populations, 269
The Global SYMPLICITY Registry (GSR), 269
Safety of the renal denervation procedure, 270
24- hour BP lowering profile for cardiovascular protection, 270
Responders and clinical indications, 272
7 Blood pressure linked telemedicine and telecare, 278
Anticipation medicine, 278
Innovation technology, 280
Concept of “trigger” management, 282
Multisensors and the real- time hybrid Wi- SUN/Wi- Fi transmission
system, 283
AI and anticipation models, 284
Development of wearable beat- by- beat (surge) BP monitoring, 285
Surge index, 292
Disaster cardiovascular prevention (DCAP) network, 294
Successful anticipation model of ICT- based BP control, 302
Disaster hypertension, 302
COVID- 19 era, 305
8 Asia perspectives, 311
What is the HOPE Asia Network?, 311
HOPE Asia Network achievements, 312
Characteristics of cardiovascular disease in Asia, 315
Obesity and salt intake in Asia, 315
24- hour ambulatory BP profile in Asia, 320
Asia BP@Home Study, 325
References, 328
Index, 368
Author biography
Kazuomi Kario, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA,
FESC
Professor
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Department of Medicine,
Center of Excellence, Cardiovascular
Research and Development (JCARD),
Jichi Medical University School of Medicine;
Hypertension Cardiovascular Outcome
Prevention and Evidence (HOPE)
Asia Network/World Hypertension League
3311- 1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi
329- 0498, JAPAN
Tel: [phone];
Fax: [phone];
E- mail: [email protected]
Professor Kazuomi Kario graduated from Jichi Medical School in 1986. He is
currently professor and chairman of cardiovascular medicine, Jichi Medical
University School of Medicine, Japan; staff visiting professor, Institute of
Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK; visiting professor,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; adjunct
professor, Yonsei University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and distinguished
professor, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
In 2003, Professor Kario and his team were the first to report that the morning
surge in blood pressure (BP) was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular
disease [1, 2]. He first used “morning hypertension,” defined as morning BP
≥135/85 mmHg, regardless of office BP, and stressed its clinical relevance in his
book Clinician’s Manual on Early Morning Risk Management in Hypertension in
2004 (Science Press, London, UK, 2004) [3]. He has also proposed the Resonance
hypothesis of BP surge [4], and the concept of systemic hemodynamic
atherothrombotic syndrome (SHATS) as a vicious cycle of BP variability and
vascular disease [5]. These stress the importance and clinical implications of the
perfect 24- hour BP management from morning to nocturnal hypertension
concept (2004, 2015, 2018) (Figure 1).
xi
xii Author biography
Kario K, Clinician’sManual on Kario K, Essential Manual of 24- Kario K. EssentialManualon Perfect
Early Morning risk Management hour Blood Pressure Management 24-hourBloodPressureManagement
in Hypertension, Science Press, from MorningtoNocturnal from MorningtoNocturnal
London, UK, pp.1–68,2004 Hypertension, John Wiley& Sons Hypertension. Up-to datefor
Ltd.,Oxford,UK, pp.1–138,2015. Anticipation Medicine, WileyPublishing
Japan KK, Tokyo, pp.1–309, 2018.
Figure 1 Books written by the author.
(a) Japan nationwide: 37 prefectures,116 institutes
2009-
N=6359
2005-
N=4310
2012-
N=1496
JMU
2014- Research
N=932 Center
COUPLING
2021-
N=3500
Vascular evaluation
system /CAVI2014-
(CAVI • Pulse/ECG
wave), N=5109
(b)
Prospective Cohort study
1. Jichi Medical School ABPM Wave 1 (1992–1998)
2. JHOP (Japan Morning Surge-Home Blood Pressure, 2005–2014)
3. JAMP (Japan Ambulatory Blood Pressure Prospective Study) / HI-JAMP / HI-JAMP-V (2009-)
4. COUPLING (Cardiovascular Prognostic COUPLING Study in Japan, 2015-)
5. WISDOM (Wrist Sleep and CircaDianBlOodPressure Monitoring Program, 2021-)
Intervention study
1. JMS-1 (Japan Morning Surge 1, 2003–2005)
2. JMS-TOP (Japan Morning Surge-Total Organ Protection, 2005–2008)
3. HONEST(Home blood pressure measurement with OlmesartanNaive patients to Establish Standard Target
blood pressure, 2009–2012)
4. Nocturne (2015–2016)
5. SACRA (SGLT-2i and ARB combination therapy in patients with T2DM and nocturnal hypertension, 2017)
6. REQUIRE (Renal Denervation on Quality of 24-hr BP Control by Ultrasound In Resistant Hypertension, 2017–2020)
7. HERB DH1 (HERB digital hypertension 1 pivotal, 2018–2019)
Figure 2 (a) Jichi Medical University (JMU), Center of Excellence, Community Medicine
Cardiovascular Research and Development (JCARD) Network Program Study for Device
Development and Evidence. ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; CAVI, cardio- ankle
vascular index; HBPM, home blood pressure monitoring; ICT, information and communication
technology. (b) Jichi Medical University Hypertension Program – Major Clinical Studies.