Essential Jazz: The First 100 Years

336 Pages·2008·1.62 MB·English

by  Henry Martin

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R U T G E R S U N I V E R S I T Y
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Essential Jazz: Th e First 100 Years, © 2009, 2005 Schirmer Cengage Learning
Second Edition
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BRIEF CONTENTS
What to Listen for … CD Tracks Inside front cover
Preface xvii
About the Authors xxiii
Introduction: Jazz Basics
1
1 Roots
17
2 Early Jazz
42
3 The Swing Era
87
4 The Bebop Era
128
5 The Fifties and New Jazz Substyles
152
6 The Sixties
184
7 Jazz-Rock, Jazz-Funk Fusion
221
8 Jazz Since the 1980s
242
Notes 274
Glossary 279
Selected Readings 288
Selected Discography 293
Index 297
Audio Primer Tracks Inside back cover
v
CONTENTS
What to Listen for . . . CD Tracks Inside front cover
Preface xvii
About the Authors xxiii
Introduction: Jazz Basics 1
The Three Fundamentals of Western Music 1
Rhythm 2
Melody 3
Harmony 5
Texture and Timbre 7
Dynamics and Articulation 7
Instruments of Jazz 8
Form and Organization 12
Form in Early Jazz 12
Song Forms 13
Rhythm Changes 13
Blues Changes 13
Th e Blues Scale 14
Jazz Performance Terms 14
Ways of Listening to Jazz 15
KEY TERMS 16
vi
CONTENTS vii
C H A PTE R 1
Roots 17
African American Music in the Nineteenth Century 18
Sources of Musical Diversity 18
Th e Preservation of African Traditions 19
What to Listen for. . . “Kasuan Kura” 21 CD 1 Track 1
European Music in the Nineteenth Century 22
Instrumentation, Form, and Harmony 22
Early African American Music 23
The Character of Early African American Music 23
Christianity, the Ring Shout, Spirituals, and Work Songs 25
What to Listen for. . . “Daniel” (excerpt) 26 CD 1 Track 2
What to Listen for. . . “Dere’s No Hidin’ Place Down Dere” 27 CD 1 Track 3
What to Listen for. . . “Field Hands’ Call” 27 CD 1 Track 4
Blue Notes and Syncopation 28
Minstrelsy 29
Ragtime 31
Scott Joplin 33
Piano Rolls 33
What to Listen for. . . “Maple Leaf Rag” (excerpt) 34 CD 1 Track 5
Ragtime’s Relationship to Jazz 35
What to Listen for. . . “Maple Leaf Rag” (excerpt) 36 CD 1 Track 6
The Blues 36
Bessie Smith 38
What to Listen for. . . “Back Water Blues” 39 CD 1 Track 7
Characteristics of Early Jazz Singing and Other Forms of the Blues 39
QUESTIONS AND TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION 41
KEY TERMS 41
viii CONTENTS
C H A PTE R 2
Early Jazz 42
The Shift from Ragtime to Jazz 42
New Orleans 44
Charles “Buddy” Bolden 45
Sidney Bechet 46
The Evolution of the Jazz Band 46
Early Jazz Performance Terms 47
The Exodus from New Orleans 48
The Migration North 49
The Advent of Jazz Recording 50
The Roaring Twenties 51
Th e ODJB and the First Jazz Recordings 51
What to Listen for. . . “Tiger Rag” 53 CD 1 Track 8
King Oliver and the Creole Jazz Band 53
Jelly Roll Morton 55
What to Listen for. . . “Dippermouth Blues” 56 CD 1 Track 9
Jelly’s Last Jam 56
Creoles of Color 57
What to Listen for. . . “Grandpa’s Spells” 58 CD 1 Track 10
Louis Armstrong 58
Armstrong’s Classic Style 59
Armstrong in Chicago and His Later Career 60
What to Listen for. . . “West End Blues” 62 CD 1 Track 11
Trombone Technique 64
The Chicagoans and Bix Beiderbecke 64
What to Listen for. . . “Singin’ the Blues” 67 CD 1 Track 12
Jazz in New York 68
Tin Pan Alley 69
Th e Harlem Renaissance 70
Harlem Stride Piano 71
Eubie Blake 72
James P. Johnson 72
CONTENTS ix
Fats Waller 73
Art Tatum 74
Paul Whiteman and George Gershwin 75
What to Listen for. . . “Tiger Rag” 76 CD 1 Track 13
Beginnings of the Big Bands 77
Fletcher Henderson 77
Duke Ellington’s Early Career 79
Bubber Miley and Tricky Sam Nanton 81
Jazz in Europe 81
What to Listen for. . . “East St. Louis Toodle-Oo” 82 CD 1 Track 14
What to Listen for. . . “Tiger Rag” 84 CD 1 Track 15
QUESTIONS AND TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION 86
KEY TERMS 86
C H A PTE R 3
The Swing Era 87
Overview: A Decade of Swing 87
Social Upheavals in the 1930s 90
The Big Band in the Swing Era 90
Instrumentation, Technique, and Arrangement 90
Big-Band Terms 91
What to Listen for. . . “Down South Camp Meeting” 92 CD 1 Track 16
Th e Changing Role of the Rhythm Section 93
Territory Bands 93
Kansas City 95
Mary Lou Williams and the Clouds of Joy 95
Count Basie 96
What to Listen for. . . “Mary’s Idea” 97 CD 1 Track 17
Jo Jones: Modernizing the Drums 98
Lester Young 99
What to Listen for. . . “Shoe Shine Boy” 100 CD 1 Track 18
Jazz Performance Terms 102